Reference List
of Writing/Disclosure Studies
(Note: This list was updated in January, 2012. Please send
any new or overlooked published references to Pennebaker@mail.utexas.edu)
Alpers,
G. W., Winzelberg, A. J., Classen,
C., Dev, P., Koopman, C., Roberts, H., et al. (2005).
Evaluation of computerized text anaylsis in an
Internet breast cancer support group. Computers in Human Behavior, 21, 343-358.
Ames, S. C., Patten, C. A., Offord,
K. P., Pennebaker, J. W., Croghan, I. T., Tri, D. M.,
Stevens, S. R., & Hurt, R. D. (2005). Expressive writing intervention
for young adult cigarette smokers. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61,
1555-1570
Ames, S.C., Patten, C.A., Werch,
C.E., Echols, J.D., Schroeder, D.R., Stevens, S.R., Pennebaker, J.W., &
Hurt, R.D. (in press). Expressive writing as a nicotine dependence treatment
adjunct for young adult smokers. Nicotine & Tobacco Research.
Baikie,
K.A., & Wilhelm, K. (2005). Emotional and physical health benefits of
expressive writing. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 11, 338-346.
Baikie,
K. A. (2008). Who does expressive writing work for? Examination of alexithymia,
splitting, and repressive coping style as moderators of the expressive writing
paradigm.
British Journal of Health Psychology, 13, 61-66.
Baker, J. R., & Moore, S. M. (2008). Blogging as a
social tool: a psychological examination of the effects of blogging. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11, 747-74
Barry, L. M., & Singer, G. H. S. (2001). Reducing
maternal psychological distress after the NICU experience through journal
writing. Journal
of Early Intervention, 24, 287-297.
Batten, S. V., Follette, V. M.,
& Palm, K. M. (2002). Physical and psychological effects of written
disclosure among sexual abuse survivors. Behavior Therapy, 33, 107-122.
Beckwith, K. M., Greenberg, M.A., & Gevirtz,
R. (2005). Autonomic effects of expressive writing in individuals with
elevated blood pressure. Journal of Health Psychology, 10, 197-209.
Bernard, M., Jackson, C., & Jones, C. (2006).
Written emotional disclosure following first-episode psychosis: Effects on
symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45,
403-415.
Bolton, G., Howlett, S., Lago, C., & Wright, J.K. (Eds.) (2004). Writing
cures: An introductory handbook of writing in counselling
and therapy.New York: Brunner-Routledge.
Booth, R. J., & Davison, K. P. (2003). Relating to our
worlds in a psychobiological context: The impact of disclosure on
self-generation and immunity. In J. Wilce (Ed.), Social and
Cultural Lives of Immune Systems (pp. 36-48). London and New York: Routledge.
Booth, R.J., Petrie, K.J., & Pennebaker, J.W. (1997).
Changes in circulating lymphocyte numbers following emotional disclosure:
Evidence of buffering? Stress Medicine, 13, 23-29.
Bower, J. E., Kemeny, M. E.,
Taylor, S. E., & Fahey, J. L. (2003). Finding meaning and its association
with natural killer cell cytotoxicity among
participants in a bereavement-related disclosure intervention. Annals of
Behavioral Medicine, 25, 146-155.
Brewin,
C.R. & Lennard, H. (1999). Effects of mode of
writing on emotional narratives. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 12, 355-361.
Broderick, J. E., Stone, A. A., Smyth, J. M., Kaell, A. T. (2004). The feasibility and effectiveness of
an expressive writing intervention for rheumatoid arthritis via home-based
videotaped instructions. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 27, 50-59.
Broderick, J. E., Junghaenel, D.
U., & Schwartz, J. E. (2005). Written emotional expression produces health
benefits in fibromyalgia patients. Psychosomatic Medicine, 67, 326-334.
Brown, E.J. & Heimberg, R.G.
(2001). Effects of writing about rape: Evaluating Pennebaker's paradigm with a
severe trauma. Journal
of Traumatic Stress, 14, 781.
Burke, P. A., & Bradley, R. G. (2006). Language use in
imagined dialogue and narrative disclosures of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 1, 141-146.
Burton, C. M., & King. L. A. (2004). The health benefits
of writing about intensely positive experiences. Journal of Research in Personality, 38,
150-163.
Burton, C. M., & King, L. A. (2008). Effects of (very)
brief writing on health; The two-minute miracle. British Journal of Health Psychology, 13,
9-14.
Cameron, L. D., & Nicholls, G. (1998). Expression of
stressful experiences through writing: Effects of a self-regulation
manipulation for pessimists and optimists. Health Psychology, 17, 84-92.
Campbell, R.S. & Pennebaker, J.W. (2003). The
secret life of pronouns: Flexibility in writing style and physical health. Psychological
Science, 14, 60-65.
Casey, C.Y., Greenberg, M.A., Nicassio,
P.M., Harpin, R.E., & Hubbard, D. (2007, in
press). Transition from acute to chronic pain and disability: A model
including cognitive, affective, and trauma factors. Pain
Christensen A.J., Edwards D.L., Wiebe
J.S., Benotsch E.G., McKelvey
L., Andrews M., Lubaroff D.M. (1996). Effect of
verbal self-disclosure on natural killer cell activity: Moderating influence of
cynical hostility. Psychosomatic Medicine, 58, 150-155.
Christensen, A. J. & Smith, T. W. (1993). Cynical
hostility and cardiovascular reactivity during self-disclosure. Psychosomatic
Medicine, 55, 193-202.
Chung, C.K., & Pennebaker, J.W. (2008). Variations
in spacing of expressive writing sessions. British Journal of Health Psychology, 13,
15-21.
Cohen, G.L., Garcia, J., Apfel,
N., & Master, A. (2006). Reducing the racial achievement gap: A
social-psychological intervention. Science, 313, 1307-1310.
Creswell, J.D., Lam, S., Stanton, A.L., Taylor, S.E., Bower,
J.E., & Sherman, D.K. (2007). Does Self-Affirmation, Cognitive Processing,
or Discovery of Meaning Explain Cancer-Related Health Benefits of Expressive
Writing? Personality
& Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 238-250.
Davis, C. G., & McKearney, J.
M. (2003). How do people grow from their experience with trauma or loss? Journal of Social
and Clinical Psychology, 22, 477-492.
De Moor, C., Sterner, J., Hall, M., Warneke,
C., Gilani, Z., Amato, R., et al. (2002). A pilot
study of the effects of expressive writing on psychological and behavioral
adjustment in patients enrolled in a phase II trial of vaccine therapy for
metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Health Psychology, 21, 615-619.
Deters, P. B., & Range, L. M. (2003). Does writing
reduce posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms? Violence and Victims, 18, 569-580.
Donnelly, D. A., & Murray, E. J. (1991). Cognitive and
emotional changes in written essays and therapy interviews. Journal of Social
and Clinical Psychology, 10, 334-350.
Earnhardt, J. L., Martz, D. M., Ballard, M. E., &
Curtin, L. (2002). A writing intervention for negative body image: Pennebaker
fails to surpass the placebo. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 17, 19-35.
Ellis, D. & Cromby, J. (2009)
Inhibition and reappraisal within emotional disclosure: the embodying of
narration. Counselling Psychology
Quarterly, 22, 319-331.
Epstein, E.M., Sloan, D.M., & Marx, B.P. (2005). Getting
to the heart of the matter: Written disclosure, gender, and heart rate. Psychosomatic
Medicine, 67, 413-419
Esterling,
B. A., Antoni, M. H., Fletcher, M. A., Margulies, S.,
& Schneiderman, N. (1994). Emotional disclosure
through writing or speaking modulates latent Epstein-Barr virus antibody
titers. Journal
of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 130-140.
Fernandez, I., Paez, D., &
Pennebaker, J.W. (2009). Comparison
of expressive writing after the terrorist attacks of September 11th
and March 11th. International
Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 9, 89-103.
Fivush,
R., Marin, K., Crawford, M., Reynolds, M., & Brewin,
C.R. (2007). Children’s narratives and well-being. Cognition and
Emotion, 21, 1414-1434.
Floyd, K., Mikkelson, A.C., Hesse, C., & Pauley, P.M. (2007). Affectionate
writing reduces total cholesterol: Two randomized controlled trials. Human
Communication Research, 33, 119-142.
Francis, M.E. & Pennebaker, J.W. (1992). Putting stress
into words: Writing about personal upheavals and health. American Journal of Health Promotion, 6, 280-287.
Frattaroli, J. (2006). Experimental disclosure and its
moderators: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 823-865.
Frattaroli, J., Thomas, M., & Lyubomirsky,
S. (2011). Opening up in the
classroom: Effects of expressive writing on graduate school entrance exam
performance. Emotion, 11,
Frayne, A., & Wade, T.D. (2006). A comparison of written
emotional expression and planning with respect to bulimic symptoms and
associated psychopathology. European Eating Disorders Review, 14, 329-340.
Freyd,
J.J., Klest, B., & Allard, C.B. (2005).
Betrayal trauma: Relationship to physical health, psychological distress, and a
written disclosure intervention. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 6, 83-104.
Frisina,
P.G., Borod, J.C., & Lepore,
S.J. (2004). A meta-analysis of the effects of written emotional
disclosure on the health outcomes of clinical populations. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 192,
629-634.
Gallagher, P., & MacLachlan,
M. (2002). Evaluating a written emotional disclosure homework intervention for
lower-limb amputees. Archives of Physical and Medical Rehabilitation, 83, 1464-1466.
Gallant, M. D., & Lafreniere,
K. D. (2003). Effects of an emotional disclosure writing task on the physical
and psychological functioning of children of alcoholics. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 21,
55-66.
Gidron,
Y., Duncan, E., Lazar, A., Biderman, A., Tandeter, H., & Shvartzman,
P. (2002). Effects of guided disclosure of stressful experiences on clinic
visits and symptoms in frequent clinic attenders. Family Practice,
19, 161-166.
Gidron,
Y., Gal, R., Freedman, S., Twiser, I., Lauden, A., Snir, Y., &
Benjamin, J. (2001). Translating research findings to PTSD prevention: Results
of a randomized-controlled pilot study, Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14, 773-780.
Gidron,
Y., Peri, T., Connolly, J. F., & Shalev, A. Y. (1996). Written disclosure in posttraumatic
stress disorder: Is it beneficial for the patient? Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease,
184, 505- 507.
Gillis, M.E., Lumley, M.A., Mosley-Williams, A., Leisen, J.C.C., & Roehrs,
T. (in press). The health effects of at-home written emotional
disclosure in fibromyalgia: A randomized trial. Annals of Behavioral Medicine.
Gortner,
E., Rude, S., & Pennebaker, J.W. (2006). Benefits of expressive
writing in lowering rumination and depressive symptoms. Behavior Therapy,
37, 292-303
Graybeal,
A., Seagal, J. D., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2002).
The role of story-making in disclosure writing: The psychometrics of narrative.
Psychology and
Health, 17, 571-581.
Greenberg, M. A., & Stone, A. A. (1992). Emotional
disclosure about traumas and its relation to health: Effects of previous
disclosure and trauma severity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63,
75-84.
Greenberg, M. A., Stone, A. A., & Wortman,
C. B. (1996). Health and psychological effects of emotional disclosure: A test
of the inhibition-confrontation approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71,
588-602.
Guinther,
P. M., Segal, D. L., & Bogaards, J. A. (2003).
Gender differences in emotional processing among bereaved older adults. Journal of Loss
and Trauma, 8, 15-33.
Hamilton-West, K.E., & Quine,
L. (2007). Effects of written emotional disclosure on health outcomes in
patients with ankylosin spondylitis.
Psychology and Health, 22, 637-657.
Harvey, A.G. & Farrel,
C. (2003). The efficacy of the Pennebaker-like writing intervention
for poor sleepers. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 1, 115-124.
Harber, K.D. & Wenberg,
K.E. (2005). Emotional disclosure and closeness to offenders. Personality and
Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 734-746.
Harber, K.D., Einav-Cohen, M.,
& Lang, F. (in press). They heard a cry: Psycho-social resources
moderate perception of others' distress. European Journal of Social Psychology.
Harber, K.D., & Cohen, D. (2005). the emotional
broadcaster theory of social sharing. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 24,
382-400.
Harris, A. H. S. (2006). Does expressive writing reduce health
care utilization? A meta-analysis of randomized trials. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 74, 243-252.
Harris, A. H. S., Thoresen, C. E.,
Humpheys, K., & Faul,
J. (2005). Does Expressive Writing Affect Asthma?: A Randomized Trial. Psychosomatic
Medicine, 67, 130-136.
Hemenover,
S. H. (2003). The good, the bad, and the healthy: Impacts of emotional
disclosure of trauma on resilient self-concept and psychological distress, Personality and
Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1236-1244.
Hockemeyer,
J., Smyth, J., Anderson, C., & Stone, A. (1999). Is it safe to write?
Evaluating the short-term distress produced by writing about emotionally
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Honos-Webb,
L., Harrick, E.A., Stiles, W.B., & Park, C. (2000). Assimilation of
traumatic experiences and physical-health outcomes: Cautions for the Pennebaker
paradigm. Psychotherapy,
37, 307-314.
Horn, A.B., & Mehl, M.R. (2004). Expressives Schreiben als Copingtechnik: Ein Überblick über
den Stand der Forschung. Verhaltenstherapie, 14, 274-283.
Horn, A.B., Possel, P., & Hautzinger, M. (2011, in press). Promoting adaptive emotion regulation and coping in
adolescence: A school-based program.
Journal of Health Psychology, http://hpq.sagepub.com/content/early/2010/08/13/1359105310372814.
Imrie,
S., & Troop, N.A. (2012). A pilot study on the effects and feasibility of
compassion-focused expressive writing in Day Hospice patients. Palliative
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Joseph, L.M., & Greenberg, M.A. (2001). The
effects of a career transition program on reemployment success in laid-off
professionals. Consulting Psychology Journal, 53, 169-181.
Kelley J.E., Lumley M.A., Leisen J.C.
(1997). Health effects of emotional disclosure in rheumatoid arthritis
patients. Health
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Kellogg, R. T., Mertz, H. K., & Morgan, M. (2010). Do
gains in working memory capacity explain the written self-disclosure effect? Cognition and
Emotion, 24, 86–93.
Kelly, A. E., Klusas, J. A., von
Weiss, R. T., & Kenny, C. (2001). What is it about revealing secrets that
is beneficial? Personality
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Kim, Y. (2008). Effects of expressive writing among
bilinguals: Exploring psychological well-being and social behaviour.
British
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King, L. A. & Miner, K. N. (2000). Writing about the
perceived benefits of traumatic events: Implications for physical health. Personality and
Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 220-230.
King, L. A. (2001). The health benefits of writing about
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Kirk, B.A., Schutte, N.S., &
Hine, D.W. (2011). The effect of an expressive-writing intervention for
employees on emotional self-efficacy, emotional intelligence, affect, and
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Klapow,
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Klein, K., & Boals, A. (2001).
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Kliewer,
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Kloss,
J.D., & Lisman, S.A. (2002). An exposure-based
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