Reference
List of Writing/Disclosure Studies
(Note: This list was compiled in July, 2009. Please send any new or overlooked published references to Pennebaker@mail.utexas.edu)
Alpers,
G. W., Winzelberg, A. J., Classen,
C., Dev, P., Koopman, C., Roberts, H., et al. (2005).
Evaluation of computerized text anaylsis in an
Internet breast cancer support group. Computers
in Human Behavior, 21, 343-358.
Ames, S. C.,
Patten, C. A., Offord, K. P., Pennebaker, J. W., Croghan, I. T., Tri, D. M., Stevens, S. R., & Hurt, R.
D. (2005). Expressive writing
intervention for young adult cigarette smokers. Journal of Clinical
Psychology, 61, 1555-1570
Ames, S.C.,
Patten, C.A., Werch, C.E., Echols, J.D., Schroeder,
D.R., Stevens, S.R., Pennebaker, J.W., & Hurt, R.D. (in press). Expressive
writing as a nicotine dependence treatment adjunct for young adult smokers. Nicotine
& Tobacco Research.
Baikie,
K.A., & Wilhelm, K. (2005).
Emotional and physical health benefits of expressive writing. Advances
in Psychiatric Treatment, 11, 338-346.
Baikie, K. A. (2008). Who does expressive writing work for?
Examination of alexithymia, splitting, and repressive
coping style as moderators of the expressive writing paradigm. British Journal of Health Psychology, 13,
61-66.
Baker, J. R., & Moore, S. M. (2008). Blogging as a
social tool: a psychological examination of the effects of blogging. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11, 747-74
Barry,
L. M., & Singer, G. H. S. (2001). Reducing maternal psychological distress
after the NICU experience through journal writing. Journal of Early Intervention, 24, 287-297.
Batten,
S. V., Follette, V. M., & Palm, K. M. (2002).
Physical and psychological effects of written disclosure among sexual abuse
survivors. Behavior Therapy, 33,
107-122.
Beckwith,
K. M., Greenberg, M.A., & Gevirtz, R.
(2005). Autonomic effects of
expressive writing in individuals with elevated blood pressure. Journal
of Health Psychology, 10, 197-209.
Bernard, M.,
Jackson, C., & Jones, C. (2006).
Written emotional disclosure following first-episode psychosis: Effects
on symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. British Journal of
Clinical Psychology, 45, 403-415.
Bolton,
G., Howlett, S., Lago, C.,
& Wright, J.K. (Eds.) (2004).
Writing cures: An introductory handbook of writing in counselling and therapy.New York:
Brunner-Routledge.
Booth,
R. J., & Davison, K. P. (2003). Relating to our worlds in a
psychobiological context: The impact of disclosure on self-generation and
immunity. In J. Wilce (Ed.), Social and Cultural Lives of Immune Systems (pp. 36-48). London and
New York: Routledge.
Booth,
R.J., Petrie, K.J., & Pennebaker, J.W. (1997). Changes in circulating
lymphocyte numbers following emotional disclosure: Evidence of buffering? Stress Medicine, 13, 23-29.
Bower,
J. E., Kemeny, M. E., Taylor, S. E., & Fahey, J.
L. (2003). Finding meaning and its association with natural killer cell cytotoxicity among participants in a bereavement-related disclosure
intervention. Annals of Behavioral
Medicine, 25, 146-155.
Brewin,
C.R. & Lennard, H. (1999). Effects of mode of
writing on emotional narratives. Journal
of Traumatic Stress, 12, 355-361.
Broderick, J.
E., Stone, A. A., Smyth, J. M., Kaell, A. T. (2004).
The feasibility and effectiveness of an expressive writing intervention for
rheumatoid arthritis via home-based videotaped instructions. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 27,
50-59.
Broderick, J. E., Junghaenel, D. U., &
Schwartz, J. E. (2005). Written emotional expression produces health benefits
in fibromyalgia patients. Psychosomatic Medicine, 67, 326-334.
Brown,
E.J. & Heimberg, R.G. (2001). Effects of writing
about rape: Evaluating Pennebaker's paradigm with a
severe trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress,
14, 781.
Burke,
P. A., & Bradley, R. G. (2006). Language use in imagined dialogue and
narrative disclosures of trauma. Journal
of Traumatic Stress, 1, 141-146.
Burton,
C. M., & King. L. A. (2004). The health benefits of writing about intensely
positive experiences. Journal of Research
in Personality, 38, 150-163.
Burton, C. M., & King, L. A. (2008). Effects of
(very) brief writing on health; The two-minute miracle. British Journal of Health Psychology, 13, 9-14.
Cameron,
L. D., & Nicholls, G. (1998). Expression of stressful experiences through
writing: Effects of a self-regulation manipulation for pessimists and
optimists. Health Psychology, 17,
84-92.
Campbell,
R.S. & Pennebaker, J.W.
(2003). The secret life of pronouns: Flexibility in writing style and
physical health. Psychological Science, 14, 60-65.
Casey,
C.Y., Greenberg, M.A., Nicassio, P.M., Harpin, R.E., & Hubbard, D. (2007, in press). Transition from acute to chronic pain
and disability: A model including cognitive, affective, and trauma factors. Pain
Christensen
A.J., Edwards D.L., Wiebe J.S., Benotsch
E.G., McKelvey L., Andrews M., Lubaroff
D.M. (1996). Effect of verbal self-disclosure on natural killer cell activity:
Moderating influence of cynical hostility. Psychosomatic
Medicine, 58, 150-155.
Christensen,
A. J. & Smith, T. W. (1993). Cynical hostility and cardiovascular
reactivity during self-disclosure. Psychosomatic
Medicine, 55, 193-202.
Chung, C.K.,
& Pennebaker, J.W. (2008).
Variations in spacing of expressive writing sessions. British
Journal of Health Psychology, 13, 15-21.
Cohen,
G.L., Garcia, J., Apfel, N., & Master, A.
(2006). Reducing the racial
achievement gap: A social-psychological intervention. Science,
313, 1307-1310.
Creswell, J.D.,
Lam, S., Stanton, A.L., Taylor, S.E., Bower, J.E., & Sherman, D.K. (2007).
Does Self-Affirmation, Cognitive Processing, or Discovery of Meaning Explain
Cancer-Related Health Benefits of Expressive Writing? Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 238-250.
Davis,
C. G., & McKearney, J. M. (2003). How do people
grow from their experience with trauma or loss? Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 22, 477-492.
De
Moor, C., Sterner, J., Hall, M., Warneke, C., Gilani, Z., Amato, R., et al. (2002). A pilot study of the
effects of expressive writing on psychological and behavioral adjustment in
patients enrolled in a phase II trial of vaccine therapy for metastatic renal
cell carcinoma. Health Psychology, 21,
615-619.
Deters,
P. B., & Range, L. M. (2003). Does writing reduce posttraumatic stress
disorder symptoms? Violence and Victims,
18, 569-580.
Donnelly,
D. A., & Murray, E. J. (1991). Cognitive and emotional changes in written
essays and therapy interviews. Journal of
Social and Clinical Psychology, 10, 334-350.
Earnhardt, J.
L., Martz, D. M., Ballard, M. E., & Curtin, L. (2002). A writing
intervention for negative body image: Pennebaker fails to surpass the placebo. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 17,
19-35.
Ellis, D. & Cromby, J. (2009) Inhibition and reappraisal within
emotional disclosure: the embodying of narration. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 22, 319-331.
Epstein, E.M.,
Sloan, D.M., & Marx, B.P. (2005).
Getting to the heart of the matter: Written disclosure, gender, and
heart rate. Psychosomatic Medicine, 67, 413-419
Esterling,
B. A., Antoni, M. H., Fletcher, M. A., Margulies, S.,
& Schneiderman, N. (1994). Emotional disclosure
through writing or speaking modulates latent Epstein-Barr virus antibody
titers. Journal of Consulting and
Clinical Psychology, 62, 130-140.
Fivush,
R., Marin, K., Crawford, M., Reynolds, M., & Brewin,
C.R. (2007). Children’s narratives
and well-being. Cognition and Emotion, 21, 1414-1434.
Floyd,
K., Mikkelson, A.C., Hesse,
C., & Pauley, P.M. (2007).
Affectionate writing reduces total cholesterol: Two randomized
controlled trials. Human Communication Research, 33,
119-142.
Francis,
M.E. & Pennebaker, J.W. (1992). Putting stress into words: Writing about
personal upheavals and health. American
Journal of Health Promotion, 6, 280-287.
Frattaroli,
J. (2006). Experimental disclosure
and its moderators: A meta-analysis. Psychological
Bulletin, 132, 823-865.
Freyd,
J.J., Klest, B., & Allard, C.B. (2005). Betrayal trauma: Relationship
to physical health, psychological distress, and a written disclosure
intervention. Journal of Trauma &
Dissociation, 6, 83-104.
Frisina, P.G., Borod, J.C., & Lepore, S.J.
(2004). A meta-analysis of the
effects of written emotional disclosure on the health outcomes of clinical
populations. Journal of Nervous and
Mental Disease, 192, 629-634.
Gallagher,
P., & MacLachlan, M. (2002). Evaluating a written
emotional disclosure homework intervention for lower-limb amputees. Archives
of Physical and Medical Rehabilitation, 83, 1464-1466.
Gallant,
M. D., & Lafreniere, K. D. (2003). Effects of an
emotional disclosure writing task on the physical and psychological functioning
of children of alcoholics. Alcoholism
Treatment Quarterly, 21, 55-66.
Gidron,
Y., Duncan, E., Lazar, A., Biderman, A., Tandeter, H., & Shvartzman,
P. (2002). Effects of guided disclosure of stressful experiences on clinic
visits and symptoms in frequent clinic attenders. Family Practice, 19, 161-166.
Gidron,
Y., Gal, R., Freedman, S., Twiser, I., Lauden, A., Snir, Y., &
Benjamin, J. (2001). Translating research findings to PTSD prevention: Results
of a randomized-controlled pilot study, Journal
of Traumatic Stress, 14, 773-780.
Gidron,
Y., Peri, T., Connolly, J. F., & Shalev, A. Y. (1996). Written disclosure in posttraumatic
stress disorder: Is it beneficial for the patient? Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 184, 505- 507.
Gillis, M.E.,
Lumley, M.A., Mosley-Williams, A., Leisen, J.C.C.,
& Roehrs, T. (in press). The
health effects of at-home written emotional disclosure in fibromyalgia: A
randomized trial. Annals of Behavioral Medicine.
Gortner, E., Rude, S., & Pennebaker, J.W. (in
press). Benefits of expressive
writing in lowering rumination and depressive symptoms. Behavior
Therapy.
Graybeal, A., Seagal,
J. D., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2002). The role of story-making in disclosure
writing: The psychometrics of narrative. Psychology
and Health, 17, 571-581.
Greenberg, M.
A., & Stone, A. A. (1992). Emotional disclosure about traumas and its
relation to health: Effects of previous disclosure and trauma severity. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 63, 75-84.
Greenberg,
M. A., Stone, A. A., & Wortman, C. B. (1996). Health
and psychological effects of emotional disclosure: A test of the
inhibition-confrontation approach. Journal
of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 588-602.
Guinther,
P. M., Segal, D. L., & Bogaards, J. A. (2003).
Gender differences in emotional processing among bereaved older adults. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 8, 15-33.
Harvey, A.G. & Farrel, C. (2003). The efficacy of the Pennebaker-like writing intervention for
poor sleepers. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 1, 115-124.
Harber,
K.D. & Wenberg, K.E. (2005).
Emotional disclosure and closeness to offenders. Personality
and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 734-746.
Harber, K.D., Einav-Cohen, M., & Lang, F. (in press). They
heard a cry: Psycho-social resources moderate perception of others' distress.
European Journal of Social Psychology.
Harber, K.D., &
Cohen, D. (2005). the emotional broadcaster theory of social sharing. Journal of Language and Social Psychology,
24, 382-400.
Harris, A. H. S. (2006). Does expressive writing reduce
health care utilization? A meta-analysis of randomized trials. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 74, 243-252.
Harris, A. H.
S., Thoresen, C. E., Humpheys,
K., & Faul, J. (2005). Does Expressive Writing
Affect Asthma?: A Randomized Trial. Psychosomatic
Medicine, 67, 130-136.
Hemenover,
S. H. (2003). The good, the bad, and the healthy: Impacts of emotional
disclosure of trauma on resilient self-concept and psychological distress, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,
29, 1236-1244.
Hockemeyer,
J., Smyth, J., Anderson, C., & Stone, A. (1999). Is it safe to write?
Evaluating the short-term distress produced by writing about emotionally
traumatic experiences. Psychosomatic
Medicine, 61 [Abstract]
Honos-Webb,
L., Harrick, E.A., Stiles, W.B., & Park, C. (2000). Assimilation of
traumatic experiences and physical-health outcomes: Cautions for the Pennebaker
paradigm. Psychotherapy, 37, 307-314.
Horn,
A.B., & Mehl, M.R. (2004). Expressives Schreiben als Copingtechnik:
Ein Überblick über den Stand der Forschung. Verhaltenstherapie, 14, 274-283.
Joseph, L.M.,
& Greenberg, M.A. (2001). The
effects of a career transition program on reemployment success in laid-off
professionals. Consulting Psychology Journal, 53,
169-181.
Kelley
J.E., Lumley M.A., Leisen J.C. (1997). Health effects
of emotional disclosure in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Health Psychology, 16, 331-340.
Kelly,
A. E., Klusas, J. A., von Weiss, R. T., & Kenny,
C. (2001). What is it about revealing secrets that is beneficial? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,
27, 651-665.
Kim, Y. (2008). Effects of expressive writing among
bilinguals: Exploring psychological well-being and social behaviour.
British Journal of Health Psychology, 13,
43-47.
King,
L. A. & Miner, K. N. (2000). Writing about the perceived benefits of
traumatic events: Implications for physical health. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 220-230.
King,
L. A. (2001). The health benefits of writing about life goals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,
27, 798-807.
Klapow,
J.C., Schmidt, S.M., Taylor, L.A., Roller, P., Li, Q., Calhoun, J.W., Wallander, J., & Pennebaker, J.W. (2001). Symptom
management in older primary care patients: Feasibility of an experimental,
written self-disclosure protocol. Annals
of Internal Medicine, 134, 905-911.
Klein,
K., & Boals, A. (2001). Expressive writing can
increase working memory capacity. Journal
of Experimental Psychology: General, 130, 520-533.
Kloss,
J.D., & Lisman, S.A. (2002). An exposure-based examination
of the effects of written emotional disclosure. British Journal of Health Psychology, 7, 31-46.
Ko, H.-C., & Kuo, F.-Y.
(in press). Can blogging enhance subjective well-being through self-disclosure? CyberPsychology
& Behavior.
Koopman,
C., Ismailji, T., Holmes, D., Classen,
C.C., Palesh, O., & Wales, T. (2005). The effects of expressive writing on
pain, depression and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in survivors of
intimate partner violence. Journal of Health Psychology, 10,
211-221.
Kovac, S.
H., & Range, L. M. (2000). Writing projects: Lessening undergraduates'
unique suicidal bereavement. Suicide
& Life-Threatening Behavior, 30, 50-60.
Kovac, S.
H., & Range, L. M. (2002). Does writing about suicidal thoughts and
feelings reduce them? Suicide and
Life-Threatening Behavior, 32, 428-440.
Kowalski,
R. M., & Cantrell, C. C. (2002). Intrapersonal and interpersonal
consequences of complaints. Representative
Research in Social Psychology, 26, 26-33.
Krantz, A.M. & Pennebaker, J.W. (2007). Expressive
dance, writing, trauma, and health: When words have a body. In I.A. Serlin, J Sonke-Henderson, R. Brandman, and J. Graham-Pole (Eds),
Whole person healthcare Vol 3: The Arts and Health (pp 201-229). Westport, CT: Praeger.
Kroner-Herwig, B., Linkemann, A., & Morris, L. (2004). Selbstöffnung beim Schreiben über belastende Lebensereignisse: Ein Weg in die Gesundheit? Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie, 33, 183–190. [Reprinted in English: Morris,
L., Linkemann, A. & Kröner-Herwig,
B. (2005). Writing your way to health? The effects of disclosure in German
students. In M. E. Abelian (Ed.) Focus on psychotherapy research (pps
219-239). Nova Science, New York].
Lange,
A., Rietdijk, D., Hudcovicova,
M., Van de Ven, J-P., Schrieken,
S. & Emmelkamp,. P.M.G. (2003). INTERAPY. A
controlled randomized trial of the standardized treatment of posttraumatic
stress through the Internet. Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 901-909.
Lange,
A., Schoutrop, M.J.A., Schrieken,
B., & Ven, J-P. (2002). Interapy:
a model for therapeutic writing through the internet. In: S.J.Lepore
& .J.M. Smyth (Eds.), The writing
cure: How expressive writing promotes health and emotional well being
(chapter 12, p.215-238). Washington: APA.
Lange, A., Ven, J-P. van de,
& Schrieken, B. (in press). Interapy,
treatment of posttraumatic stress and PTSD through the internet: theory,
practice and research findings. Cognitive
Behaviour Therapy.
Lange,
A, Ven, J-P. van de, Schrieken,
B., & Emmelkamp, P. (2001). INTERAPY. Treatment
of posttraumatic stress through the Internet: A controlled trial. Behavioral Research and Experimental
Psychiatry, 32 , 73-90.
Langens,
T.A., & Schuler, J. (2005).
Written emotional expression and emotional well-being: The moderating
role of fear of rejection. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,
31, 818-830.
Largo-Marsh,
L., & Spates, C. R.
(2002). The effects of
writing therapy in comparison to EMD/R on traumatic stress: The relationship
between hypnotizability and client expectancy to
outcome. Professional
Psychology: Research & Practice,
33, 581-586.
Leake,
R., Friend, R., & Wadhwa, N. (1999). Improving
adjustment to chronic illness through strategic self-presentation: An
experimental study on a renal dialysis unit. Health Psychology, 18, 54-62.
Lepore,
S. J. (1997). Expressive writing moderates the relation between intrusive
thoughts and depressive symptoms. Journal
of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1030-1037.
Lepore,
S.J., Fernandez-Berrocal, P., Ragan, J., & Ramos,
N. (2004). It’s not that bad: Social challenges to
emotional disclosure enhance adjustment to stress. Anxiety, Stress, and
Coping, 17, 341-361.
Lepore,
S. J., & Greenberg, M. A. (2002). Mending broken hearts: Effects of
expressive writing on mood, cognitive processing, social adjustment and health
following a relationship breakup. Psychology
and Health, 17, 547-560.
Lepore,
S.J., Silver, R.C., Wortman, C.B., & Wayment, H.A. (1996). Social constraints, intrusive
thoughts, and depressive symptoms among bereaved mothers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 271-282.
Lepore,
S., & Smyth, J. (2002). The writing
cure: How expressive writing promotes health and emotional well-being. American
Psychological Association press: Washington, DC. [Edited book]
Lewis,
R.J., Derlega, V.J., Clarke, E.G., Kuang, J.C., Jacobs, A.M., & McElligott,
M.D. (2005). An expressive writing
intervention to cope with lesbian-related stress: The moderating effects of
openness about sexual orientation. Psychology of Women
Quarterly, 29, 149-157.
Littrell, J. (1998). Is
the reexperience of painful emotion therapeutic? Clinical Psychology Review, 18, 71-102.
Low, C. A., Stanton,
A.L., & Danoff-Burg, S. (2006). Expressive
disclosure and benefit finding among breast cancer patients: Mechanisms for
positive health effects. Health Psychology, 25, 181-189.
Lumley, M. A. (2004). Alexithymia,
emotional disclosure, and health: A program of research. Journal of Personality, 72, 1271-1300.
Lumley,
M., Leegstra, S., Provenzano,
K., & Warren, V. (1999). The health effects of writing about emotional
stress on physically symptomatic young adults.(abstract) Psychosomatic Medicine, 61, 84-130.
Lumley, M. A. & Provenzano, K. M. (2003). Stress
management through emotional disclosure improves academic performance among
college students with physical symptoms.
Journal of Educational Psychology, 95, 641-649.
Lumley, A., Tojek, T. M.,
& Macklem, D. J. (2002). Effects of written
emotional disclosure among repressive and alexithymic
people. In, S. J. Lepore, and J. M. Smyth (Eds.), The writing cure: How expressive writing
promotes health and emotional well-being, (pp.75-95). Washington, DC:
American Psychological Association.
Lutgendorf,
S.K., Antoni, M.H. (1999). Emotional and cognitive
processing in a trauma disclosure paradigm. Cognitive
Therapy and Research, 23, 423-440.
Lutgendorf, S.K., Antoni, M.H., Kumar, M., & Schneiderman, N. (1994). Changes in coping strategies predict EBV antibody titers following a stressor disclosure induction. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38, 63-78.
Lyubomisky, S., Sousa, L., & Dickerhoof, R. (2006). The costs and benefits of writing, talking, and thinking about life’s triumphs and defeats. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 692-708.
Mackenzie, C.S., Wiprzycka, U.J.,
Hasher, L., & Goldstein, D.
(2007). Does expressive
writing reduce stress and improve health for family caregivers of older adults?
The Gerontologist, 47, 296-306.
Manier, D. & Olivares, A. (2005). Who benefits from expressive writing? Moderator variables affecting outcomes of emotional disclosure interventions. Counseling and Clinical Psychology Journal, 2, 15-28.
Mann,
T. (2001). Effects of future writing and optimism on health behaviors in
HIV-infected women. Annals of Behavioral
Medicine, 23, 26-33.
Marlo H.,
Wagner M.K. (1999). Expression of negative and positive events through writing:
implications for psychotherapy and health. Psychology
and Health, 14, 193-215.
McGuire,
K.M., Greenberg, M.A., & Gevirtz, R. (2005). Autonomic effects of expressive writing
in individuals with elevated blood pressure. Journal of Health
Psychology, 10, 197-209.
Mendes,
W. B., Reis, H., Seery, M.D., & Blascovich, J. (2003). Cardiovascular correlates of
emotional expression and suppression: Do content and gender context matter? Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 84, 771-792.
Mendolia,
M., & Kleck, R.E. (1993). Effects of talking
about a stressful event on arousal: Does what we talk about make a difference? Journal
of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 283-292.
Murray,
E. J., & Segal, D. L. (1994). Emotional processing in vocal and written
expression of feelings about traumatic experiences. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 7, 391-405.
Murray,
E. J., Lamnin, A. D., & Carver, C. S. (1989).
Emotional expression in written essays and psychotherapy. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 8, 414-429.
Nicholls,
S. (2009). Beyond expressive
writing: Evolving models of developmental creative writing. Journal of Health Psychology, 14,
171-180.
Njus, D.
M., Nitschke, W., & Bryant, F. B. (1996).
Positive affect, negative affect, and the moderating effect of writing on sIgA antibody levels. Psychology
and Health, 12, 135-148.
Norman,
S.A., Lumley, M.A., Dooley, J.A., & Diamond, M.P. (2004). For whom does it
work? Moderators of the effects of written emotional disclosure in women with
chronic pelvic pain. Psychosomatic
Medicine, 66, 174-183.
O’Connor,
D.B., & Ashley, L. (in
press). Are alexithymia
and emotional characteristics of disclosure associated with blood pressure
reactivity and psychological distress following written emotional disclosure? British
Journal of Health Psychology.
Opre, A.,
Coman, A., Kallay, E., Rotaru, D., & Manier, D.
(2005). Reducing distress in
college students through expressive writing: A pilot study on a Romanian
sample. Cognitie, Creier, & Comportament
[Cognition, Brain, & Behavior], 10, 53-64.
Paez, D.,
Velasco, C., & Gonzalez, J. L. (1999). Expressive writing and the role of alexithymia as a dispositional deficit in self-disclosure
and psychological health. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 630-641.
Palmer, G.,
& Braud, W. (2002). Exceptional human
experiences, disclosure, and a more inclusive view of physical, psychological,
and spiritual well-being. The Journal of
Transpersonal Psychology, 34, 29-61.
Pantchenko, T., Lawson,
M., & Joyce, M. R. (2003). Verbal and non-verbal disclosure of recalled and
negative experiences: Relation to well-being. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, and Practice, 76,
251-265.
Park, C. L.
& Blumberg, C. J. (2002). Disclosing trauma through writing: Testing the
meaning-making hypothesis. Cognitive
Therapy and Research, 26, 597-616.
Pennebaker,
J.W., Barger, S.D., & Tiebout, J. (1989).
Disclosure of traumas and health among Holocaust survivors. Psychosomatic Medicine, 51, 577-589.
Pennebaker,
J.W. & Beall, S.K. (1986). Confronting a traumatic event: Toward an understanding of inhibition
and disease. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95,
274-281.
Pennebaker,
J.W., Colder, M., & Sharp, L.K. (1990). Accelerating the coping process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
58, 528-537.
Pennebaker,
J.W. & Francis, M.E. (1996). Cognitive, emotional, and language processes
in disclosure. Cognition and Emotion, 10,
601-626.
Pennebaker,
J.W., Hughes, C.F. & O'Heeron, R.C. (1987). The psychophysiology of confession: Linking inhibitory and psychosomatic
processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 781-793.
Pennebaker,
J.W., Kiecolt-Glaser, J., & Glaser, R. (1988). Disclosure of traumas and immune function: Health implications for psychotherapy. Journal
of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56,
239-245.
Pennebaker,
J.W., Mayne, T.J., & Francis, M.E. (1997).
Linguistic predictors of adaptive bereavement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 863-871.
Petrie,
K.J., Booth, R., Pennebaker, J.W., Davison, K.P., & Thomas, M. (1995).
Disclosure of trauma and immune response to Hepatitis B vaccination program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 63, 787-792.
Petrie,
K.P., Booth, R.J., & Pennebaker, J.W. (1998). The immunological effects of
thought suppression. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1264-1272.
Petrie, K.J., Fontanilla, I., Thomas, M.G., Booth, R.J., &
Pennebaker. J.W. (2004). Effect of written emotional expression on immune
function in patients with HIV infection: A randomized trial. Psychosomatic
Medicine, 66, 272-275.
Pizarro, J. (2004). The efficacy of art and writing therapy: Increasing positive mental health outcomes and participant retention after exposure to traumatic experience. Art Therapy, 21, 5-12.
Radcliffe, A.M., Lumley, M.A., Kendall, J.,
Stevenson, J.K., & Beltran, J. (in press). Written emotional disclosure: Testing whether social disclosure matters. Journal
of Social and Clinical Psychology.
Range,
L.M., Kovac, S. H., & Marion, M. S. (2000). Does
writing about the bereavement lessen grief following sudden, unintentional
death? Death Studies, 24, 115-134.
Reynolds,
M., Brewin, C. R., & Saxton, M. (2000). Emotional
disclosure in school children. Journal of
Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines, 41, 151-159.
Richards,
J.M., Beal, W.E., Seagal, J., & Pennebaker, J.W.
(2000). The effects of disclosure of traumatic events on illness behavior among
psychiatric prison inmates. Journal of
Abnormal Psychology, 109, 156-160.
Rimé, B.
(1995). Mental rumination, social sharing, and the recovery from emotional
exposure. In J. W. Pennebaker (Ed.), Emotion,
disclosure, and health (pp. 271-291). Washington, DC: American
Psychological Association.
Rivkin, I.D.,
Gustafson, J., Weingarten, I., & Chin, D. (2006). The effects of expressive
writing on adjustment to HIV. AIDS and
Behavior, 10, 13-26.
Rooke, S.E., & Malouff, J.M. (in press). The efficacy of symbolic modeling and vicarious
reinforcement in increasing coping-method adherence. Behavior Therapy.
Rude,
S.S., Gortner, E.-M., & Pennebaker J.W. (in
press). Language use of depressed
and depression-vulnerable college students. Cognition
& Emotion.
Sandgren,
A. K., & McCaul, K. D. (2003). Short-term effects
of telephone therapy for breast cancer patients. Health Psychology, 22, 310-315.
Schilte,
A.F., Portegijs, P.J.M., Blankenstein,
A.H., van der Horst, H.E., Latour,
M.B.F., van Eijk, J.T.M., & Knottnerus,
J.A. (2001). Randomised controlled trial of
disclosure of emotionally important events in somatisation
in primary care. British Medical Journal,
323, 86.
Schoutrop,
M. J. A., Lange, A., Brosschot, J., & Everaerd, W. (1997). Overcoming traumatic events by means
of writing assignments. In A. Vingerhoets, F. van Bussel, & J. Boelhouwer
(Eds.), The (Non)expression of emotions
in health and disease (pp 279-289). Tilburg, The Netherlands: Tilburg
University Press.
Schoutroup,
M.J.A., Brosschot, J.F, & Lange, A. (1999).
Writing assignments after trauma: decreased re-experiencing and within/across
session physiological habituation [abstract]. Psychosomatic Medicine, 61, 95.
Schoutrop,
M.J.A., Lange, A., Hanewald, G., Davidovich,
U., & Salomon, H. (2002). Structured writing and processing major stressful
events: A controlled trial. Psychotherapy and
Psychosomatics, 71, 141-157.
Schut, H. A. W., Stroebe, M. S., & van den Bout, J.
(1997). Intervention
for the bereaved: Gender differences in the efficacy of two counselling
programmes. British
Journal of Clinical Psychology, 36, 63-72.
Schwartz, L.,
& Drotar, D. (2004). Effects of written emotional
disclosure on caregivers of children and adolescents with chronic illness. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 29,
105-118.
Scott, V. B., Robare, R. D., Raines, D. B., Konwinski,
S. J. M., Chanin, J. A., & Tolley,
R. S. (2003). Emotive writing moderates the relationship between mood awareness
and athletic performance in collegiate tennis players. North American Journal of Psychology, 5, 311-324
Segal, D. L., Bogaards, J. A., Becker, L. A., & Chatman, C. (1999).
Effects of emotional expression on adjustment to spousal loss among older
adults. Journal of Mental Health and
Aging, 5, 297-310.
Segal, D. L.,
Chatman, C., Bogaards, J. A., & Becker, L. A.
(2001). One year follow-up of an emotional expression intervention for bereaved
older adults. Journal of Mental Health
and Aging, 7, 465-472.
Segal,
D. L. & Murray, E. J. (1994). Emotional processing in cognitive therapy and
vocal expression of feeling. Journal of
Social and Clinical Psychology, 13, 189-206.
Segal, D. L.,
& Murray, E. J. (2001). Comparison of distance emotional expression with
psychotherapy. In L. LAbate (Ed.), Distance writing and computer-assisted
techniques in psychiatry and mental health (pp. 61-75). Greenwich, CT: Ablex.
Segal, D.L.,
Tucker, H.C., & Coolidge, F.L. (2009). A comparison of positive versus negative emotional
expression in a written disclosure study among distressed students. Journal
of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 18, 367-381.
Seih, Y. T., Lin, Y. C., Huang, C. L., Peng,
C. W., & Huang, S. P. (2008). The benefits of psychological displacement in
diary writing when using different pronouns. British Journal of Health Psychology, 13, 39-41.
Sheese, B. E., Brown,
E. L., & Graziano, W. G. (2004). Emotional
expression in cyberspace: Searching for moderators of the Pennebaker disclosure
effect via email. Health Psychology, 23,
457-464.
Sheffield,
D., Duncan, E., Thomson, K., Johal, S. S. (2002).
Written emotional expression and well-being: Result from a home-based study. The Australasian Journal of Disaster and
Trauma Studies, 2001. Retrieved May 21, 2004, from http://www.massey.ac.nz/~trauma/issues/2002-1/sheffield.htm
Slatcher, R. B., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2006). How do I love
thee? Let me count the words: The social effects of expressive writing. Psychological Science, 17, 660-664.
Sloan, D. M., &
Epstein, E. M. (2005).
Respiratory sinus arrhythmia predicts written disclosure outcome.
Psychophysiology, 42, 611-615.
Sloan, D. M., & Marx, B.
P. (2004). A closer examination of the
structured written disclosure procedure. Journal
of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 165-175.
Sloan, D. M., & Marx, B.
P. (2004). Taking pen to hand: Evaluating
theories underlying the written disclosure paradigm. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11, 121-137.
Sloan,
D. M., Marx, B.P., & Epstein, E.M. (2005). Further
examination of the exposure model underlying the efficacy of written emotional
disclosure. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 549-554.
Sloan,
D.M., Marx, B.P., Epstein, E.M., & Lexington, J. (in press). Does altering
the writing instructions influence outcome associated with written disclosure? Behavior Therapy.
Sloan, D. M., Marx, B. P., Epstein, E. M., &
Dobbs, J. L. (2008). Expressive writing buffers against maladaptive rumination.
Emotion, 8, 302-306.
Small, R., Lumley, J., Donohue, L., Potter, A., & Waldenstrom, U. (2000). Randomised
controlled trial of midwife led debriefing to reduce maternal depression after
childbirth. British Medical Journal, 321,
1043-1047.
Smyth,
J.M. (1998). Written emotional expression: Effect sizes, outcome types, and
moderating variables. Journal of
Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 66, 174-184.
Smyth,
J., Anderson, C., Hockemeyer, J., & Stone, A. (in
press). Emotional non-expression, cognitive avoidance, and response to writing
about traumatic events. Psychology &
Health.
Smyth,
J. M., Hockemeyer, J., Anderson, C., Strandberg, K., Koch, M., O’Neill, H. K., et al. (2002).
Structured writing about a natural disaster buffers the effect of intrusive
thoughts on negative affect and physical symptoms. The Australasian Journal of Disaster, 2002. Retrieved May 21, 2004
from http://www.massey.ac.nz/~trauma/issues/2002-1/smyth.htm
Smyth,
J.M., Stone, A.A., Hurewitz, A., & Kaell, A. (1999). Effects of writing about stressful
experiences on symptom reduction in patients with asthma or rheumatoid
arthritis: A randomized trial. JAMA:
Journal of the American Medical Association, 281, 1304-1309.
Smyth, J. M., Hockemeyer, J.
R., & Tulloch, H. (2008). Expressive writing and post-traumatic stress
disorder: Effects on trauma symptoms, mood states, and cortisol
reactivity. British Journal of Health
Psychology, 13, 85-93.
Smyth, J. M., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2008).
Exploring the boundary conditions of expressive writing: In search of the right
recipe. British Journal of Health
Psychology, 13, 1-7.
Smyth,
J., True, N., & Souto, J. (2001). Effects of
writing about traumatic experiences: The necessity for narrative structure. Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology,
20, 161-172.
Solano, L., Donati, V., Pecci, F., Persichetti, S., & Colaci, A.
(2003). Post-operative course
after papilloma resection: effects of written
disclosure of the experience in subjects with different alexithymia
levels. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65, 477-484.
Soliday, E., Garafolo, J. P., & Rogers, D. (2004). Expressive
writing intervention for adolescents’ somatic symptoms and mood. Journal of
Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33, 792-801.
Spera,
S.P., Buhrfeind, E.D., & Pennebaker, J.W. (1994).
Expressive writing and coping with job loss. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 722-733.
Stanton, A. L., Danoff-Burg, S., Cameron, C.
L., Bishop, M., Collins, C. A., Kirk, S. B., Sworowski,
L. A., & Twillman, R. (2000). Emotionally
expressive coping predicts psychological and physical adjustment to breast
cancer. Journal of Consulting and
Clinical Psychology, 68, 875-882.
Stanton,
A.L., Danoff-Burg, S., Sworowski,
L.A., Collins, C.A., Branstetter, A.D.,
Rodriguez-Hanley, A., Kirk, S.B., & Austenfeld,
J.L. (2002). Randomized, controlled trial of written emotional expression and
benefit finding in breast cancer patients. Journal
of Clinical Oncology, 20, 4160-4168.
Stone,
A., Smyth, J., Kaell, A., & Hurewitz,
A. (2000). Structured writing about stressful events: Exploring potential
psychological mediators of positive health effects. Health Psychology, 19, 619-624.
Stroebe,
M., Stroebe, W., Zech, E., & Schut,
H. (2002). Does disclosure of emotions facilitate recovery from bereavement?
Evidence from two prospective studies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 70, 169-178.
Swanbon, T., Boyce, L., & Greenberg, M. A. (2008).
Expressive writing reduces avoidance and somatic complaints in a community
sample with constraints on expression. British
Journal of Health Psychology, 13, 53-56.
Taylor,
L.A., Wallander, J.L., & Anderson, D. (2003). Improving health care utilization, improving chronic disease
utilization, health status, and adjustment in adolescents and young adults with
cystic fibrosis: A preliminary report. Journal of Clinical
Psychology in Medical Settings, 10, 9-16.
Ullrich, P.A. &
Lutgendorf, S.L. (2002). Journaling about stressful events: Effects
of cognitive processing and emotional expression. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 24,
244-250.
Van
Dijk, J. A., Schoutrop, M.
J. A., Spinhoven, P. (2003). Testimony therapy:
Treatment method for traumatized victims of organized violence. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 57,
361-373.
Walker,
B. L., Nail, L. M., & Croyle, R. T. (1999). Does
emotional expression make a difference in reactions to breast cancer? Oncology Nursing Forum, 26, 1025-1032.
Warner, L.J., Lumley, M.A., Casey, R.J., Pierantoni,
W., Salazar, R., Zoratti, E.M., Enberg,
R., & Simon, M.R. (2006). Health effects of written emotional disclosure in
adolescents with asthma: A randomized, controlled trial. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 31,
557-568.
Weine, S.
M., Kulenovic, A. D., Pavkovic,
I., Gibbons, R. (1998). Testimony psychotherapy in Bosnian refugees: A pilot
study. American Journal of Psychiatry,
155, 1720-1726.
Wetherell, M.A.,
Byrne-Davis, L., Dieppe, P., et al. (2005). Effects of
emotional disclosure on psychological and physiological outcomes in patients
with rheumatoid arthritis: An exploratory home-based study. Journal
of
Health Psychology, 10, 277-285.
Wong, Y. J., & Rochlen,
A. B. (2009). Potential benefits of expressive writing for male college
students with varying degrees of restrictive emotionality. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 10, 149-159.
Wright, J.K. (2005) Writing therapy in brief workplace counselling, Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 5, 111-119.
Wright,
J.K. (2003) Five Women talk about work-related brief therapy and therapeutic
writing. Counselling
and Psychotherapy Research, 3, 204-209.
Yogo, M., & Fujihara, S.
(2008). Working memory capacity can be improved by expressive writing: A
randomized experiment in a Japanese sample. British
Journal of Health Psychology, 13, 77-80.
Zakowski,
S. G., Ramati, A., Morton, C., Johnson, P., & Flanigan, R. (2004). Written emotional disclosure buffers
the effects of social constraints on distress in cancer patients. Health Psychology, 23, 555-563.
Zuuren,
F.J. van, Schoutrop, M.J.A., Lange, A., Louis, C.M.,
& Slegers, J.E.M. (1999). Effective and
ineffective ways of writing about traumatic experiences: a qualitative study. Psychotherapy Research, 9, 363 - 380.