Introductory Psychology (PSY301, 2:00-3:330PM) – Test 2

Tuesday, October 14, 2008

____ 1. Yolanda is in an experiment where various size dots of different colors are flashed either in the center of her visual field or in the periphery. Which of the following would be a valid hypothesis for the experiment?

a.	Yolanda will have the most trouble correctly guessing dot colors that appear in the periphery because rods do not support color vision.
b.	Yolanda will have the most trouble correctly guessing dot colors that appear in the periphery because cones do not support size and shape perception.
c.	Yolanda will have the easiest time guessing dot colors that are darker because rods in your fovea detect sharper contrasts.
d.	Yolanda will do equally well at guessing color no matter where the dots appear.
e.	Yolanda will have the most trouble correctly guessing dot sizes that appear in the center because of opponent process theory.

____ 2. Based on the writing assignment, which of the following is the BEST conclusion about what possessions say about individuals?

a.	Being materialistic leads to many negative psychological outcomes.
b.	Possessions are the best indicators of personality characteristics.
c.	Knowing someone’s possessions usually helps in understanding only certain parts of a person’s personality.
d.	Because people are extremely close to the things they own, it’s just as hard to understand personality by talking about their stuff as it is to talk directly about their personality characteristics.
e.	Facebook tells you everything you need to know about a person.

____ 3. After a long day of answering emails about the writing assignment, your writing czar has decided to go to bed early. Although her eyes are closed and she's very relaxed, she has not yet fallen asleep. An EEG is most likely to indicate the presence of:

a.	alpha waves.
b.	rapid eye movements.
c.	hallucinations.
d.	sleep spindles.
e.	delta waves.

____ 4. After one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward, the first animal opens a similar box with great speed. This best illustrates:

a.	respondent behavior.
b.	generalization.
c.	observational learning.
d.	spontaneous recovery.
e.	intrinsic motivation.

____ 5. Four-year-old Anya asks her mother for a special treat every time they go to the grocery store. Although her mother initially granted every request, she later decides to stop giving Anya special treats. Research suggests that Anya will most likely:

a.	continue to ask for a treat nearly every time she goes to the store.
b.	ask for a treat every time her mother takes her out, even if they don't go to the grocery store.
c.	throw a violent fit whenever she does not get a treat.
d.	get put in "time-out" for nagging her mother.
e.	soon give up asking for a treat entirely.

____ 6. As a child, Hugo dreamed that he was chased and attacked by a ferocious dog. Many years later, he mistakenly recalled that this had actually happened to him. Hugo's false recollection best illustrates:

a.	long-term potentiation.	d.	implicit memory.
b.	mood-congruent memory.	e.	source amnesia.
c.	proactive interference.

____ 7. In 1988, little Wayne, then a two year old, was classically conditioned to fear anything made of gold. For the rest of his life, he is afraid of all jewelry. This is an example of:

a.	extinction
b.	fading
c.	discrimination
d.	generalization
e.	re-conditioning

____ 8. Workers at Innotech hate filling out TPS reports. In order to increase worker productivity, Mr. Lumberg gives his workers a small money bonus for every 5 TPS reports they complete. Which of the following would BEST increase worker productivity?

a.	Instead of money, give out tokens on a partial reinforcement schedule that can be redeemed for cool prizes.
b.	Instead of money, rank workers on the basis of how many TPS reports they complete and post the ranking publicly to encourage competition.
c.	Give workers a small amount of money for each TPS report they complete.
d.	Announce that the person with the most TPS reports will receive a prize.
e.	Send each worker a "good job!" note every time a TPS report is completed

____ 9. Pennebaker's bag of marbles is twice as heavy as Gosling's. If it takes 5 extra marbles to make Gosling's bag feel heavier, it will take 10 extra marbles to make Pennebaker's bag feel heavier. This best illustrates:

a.	parallel processing.	d.	the gate-control theory.
b.	the Young-Helmholtz theory.	e.	the Ponzo illusion.
c.	Weber's law.

____ 10. Paris completed the Celebrity Aptitude Test when she applied for a position on the show Entertainment 24-7. Six months later, she took the same test when she applied for a position with the show Non-stop Celebrity News. The fact that her scores were almost identical on the two occasions suggests that the test has a high degree of:

a.	useless information.
b.	predictive validity.
c.	content validity.
d.	reliability.
e.	intelligence.

____ 11. Just because she believes that boys are naughtier than girls, Ms. Garrison, a fourth-grade teacher, watches boys more closely than she watches girls for any signs of misbehavior. Ms. Garrison's surveillance strategy best illustrates:

a.	overconfidence.	d.	operant conditioning.
b.	fixation.	e.	the availability heuristic.
c.	confirmation bias.

____ 12. After reading a newspaper report suggesting that drunken driving might have contributed to a recent auto accident, several people who actually witnessed the accident began to remember the driver involved as driving more recklessly than he actually was. This provides an example of:

a.	the misinformation effect.	d.	an iconic memory.
b.	the Ames illusion.	e.	deja vu.
c.	the serial position effect.

____ 13. Tamara stares for one minute at an image of a red sports car on a white backround. She then immediately stares at a blank wall. To her amazement, she sees a green car. This demonstrates:

a.	opponent process theory
b.	color constancy
c.	that Tamara is color blind
d.	that Tamara’s cones are not working properly
e.	sensory adjustment theory

____ 14. During a debate, some of the audience members reward Sarah by smiling whenever she winks at them, but the audience doesn’t smile the rest of the time. By the end of the debate, Sarah is winking almost constantly. The audience is using what conditioning technique on Sarah?

a.	Observational	d.	Extinction
b.	Biological	e.	Operant
c.	Classical

____ 15. Katrina has to remember the following list of letters: N, A, M, K, O, V, A, M, U. She decides to rehearse them as the following nonsense syllables: “nam”, “kov”, “amu”. This is an example of which of the following?

a.	reconstructive memory
b.	chunking
c.	depth of processing
d.	primacy
e.	flexible memory

____ 16. You are approached by a distressed man who tells you "I was with the thing and later was there, you know. So, we went back to the place over there. And wow, I was on that thing like nothing. You know what I mean?" Based on what you learned in class, this person has likely suffered damage to:

a.	Goodall's area	d.	Chomsky's area
b.	Wernicke's area	e.	Broca's area
c.	Gardner's area

____ 17. Dr. Gosling measures how much Chad and Dana agree on their perceptions of Jill. Dr. Gosling then compares their perceptions to Jill’s own beliefs about herself. Based on these two interactions, Dr. Gosling has enough data to be able to analyze:

a.	Accuracy and consensus, but not cue usage
b.	Consensus and cue usage, but not accuracy
c.	Accuracy and cue usage, but not consensus
d.	Accuracy, cue usage, and consensus
e.	Accuracy, cue usage, consensus, but not verification.

____ 18. The BEST way to learn about a stranger's personality is by

a.	looking at his/her identity claims and where he/she chooses to place them
b.	evaluating his/her "social snacks"
c.	looking at several domains, such as his/her living spaces, favorite music, and websites
d.	asking him/her what he/she is like
e.	finding out where he/she likes to go

____ 19. Miss Bennett, a recent stroke victim, cannot consciously perceive the large book Mr. Darcy left for her on the coffee table in front of her. Yet, when asked to identify the book, she correctly reads aloud the printed title on the book cover. This is a case of:

a.	narcolepsy.	d.	blindsight.
b.	sensory adaptation.	e.	the McGurk effect.
c.	fixation.

____ 20. Yao is a movie historian who claims that Bananas, a movie by Woody Allen in 1971, is the most influential movie of all time. Based on the lecture about the nature of history, which is the BEST reason that Yao would come to his conclusion?

a.	Bananas dealt with psychologically important themes such as narcissism and neuroticism.
b.	Bananas was at a tipping point in American culture where old values were replaced by new ones.
c.	Yao was a college student, a time when cultural importance is constructed, when the movie came out.
d.	Yao has seen Bananas dozens of times, making his encoding and retrieval processes highly salient.
e.	Yao remembers how his grandparents, who were in their 50’s when Bananas came out, talked about how relevant the movie was to many cultures.

____ 21. Tiki was dismayed to discover that some of his football teammates were using drugs to enhance their footwork and endurance on the playing field. Which of the following drugs were the players most likely using?

a.	marijuana	d.	amphetamines
b.	LSD	e.	barbiturates
c.	opiates

____ 22. Inara fails to see any connection between how hard she works and the grade she gets on her exams. Consequently, she puts little effort into studying, even though she really wants a good grade. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in the operant conditioning of work habits.

a.	acquisition
b.	generalization
c.	biological predispositions
d.	primary reinforcers
e.	cognitive processes

____ 23. Buffy recalled that in her dream she was dancing with a tall, dark gentleman named Angel when suddenly the music shifted to loud rock and the man disappeared. According to Freud, Buffy's account represents the ________ content of her dream.

a.	hypnagogic
b.	paradoxical
c.	manifest
d.	ecstasy
e.	latent

____ 24. Sun developed an intense fear of flying four years ago when she was in a plane crash. The fact that today she can again fly without distress indicates that her fear has undergone:

a.	latent shaping.	d.	spontaneous reduction.
b.	extinction.	e.	generalization.
c.	discrimination.

____ 25. Imagine a scene with two mountains, one that is bigger in the frame and one that is smaller and looks hazy. Two airplanes of equal size are above the horizon line, one closer to the horizon than the other. Based on just this description of the scene, which cues would you most likely use to make sense of the scene?

a.	Atmospheric perspective and height in field of view.
b.	Brightness and overlap.
c.	Linear perspective and height in field of view.
d.	Convergence and overlap.
e.	Accommodation and linear perspective.

____ 26. In the clip from the TV program "The Office", Jim gives Dwight an Altoid mint every time a sound is played on Jim's computer. In this example, the sound played on the computer is the

a.	conditioned response	d.	conditioned stimulus
b.	unconditioned response	e.	anticipatory stimulus
c.	unconditioned stimulus

____ 27. You are walking and bump into an old friend from middle school. You recognize her but can't remember her name. After talking with your friend for a few minutes, you agree to meet at a coffee shop later. As you are walking away, you suddenly remember your friend's name, but realize you don't remember where you agreed to meet her. Your memory failed at the ____ stage when you didn't remember your friend's name and at the ____ stage when you didn't remember where to meet.

a.	encoding, storage	d.	retrieval, encoding
b.	storage, encoding	e.	name recognition, retrieval
c.	storage, storage

____ 28. In lecture, Dr. Gosling discussed the scores on the hypnotic ability scale that everyone filled out. If Dwayne’s t-score was a 33, how should he interpret his score?

a.	Relative to the class average, he is more likely to be hypnotizable.
b.	Relative to the class average, he is less likely to be hypnotizable.
c.	If he was to undergo hypnosis, there is a 33% chance it would work.
d.	If he was to undergo hypnosis, there is a 33% chance it wouldn’t work.
e.	If Dwayne was hypnotized, he would be less willing to stick his hand in a snake-filled box than the average person in class.

____ 29. Dr. Swann conducts research showing that individuals want other people to verify how they feel about themselves. Which of the following does not support self-verification theory?

a.	Joe, who has low self-esteem, doesn’t mind being seen in a negative light.
b.	Guillermo, who has high self-esteem, likes to be seen positively.
c.	Couples who verify each other, even if they are very negative traits, tend to be more satisfied with their relationship than are couples who don’t verify each other.
d.	People always like to be seen in positive ways because it makes them feel good.
e.	Republicans tend to want to talk about politics with other Republicans more than with Democrats.

____ 30. At the age of 15 months, Kaylee repeatedly cries “hoy” when she wants her mother to hold her. Kaylee is most likely in the ________ stage of language development.

a.	conventional
b.	telegraphic speech
c.	preoperational
d.	babbling
e.	one-word

____ 31. If I read a list of words to you aloud, you are more likely to remember words that have all the following properties EXCEPT those that are

a.	emotional	d.	at the end of the list
b.	at the beginning of the list	e.	shorter
c.	in the middle of the list

____ 32. During the months when there is a large amount of pollen in the air, your hay fever severely affects your sense of smell. At the same time your food all seems to taste the same. This illustrates the importance of:

a.	serial processing.	d.	accommodation.
b.	making sure you stock up on allergy medication.	e.	sensory interaction.
c.	sensory blocking.

____ 33. Suppose you wanted to teach your dog Spot, who really likes dog treats, how to shake hands. You know that sometimes you can get him to shake, but you want him to shake only when you say the command "shake". The most effective way to do this is to

a.	Give Spot exactly the same number of treats if he shakes when you say "shake".
b.	When you say "shake", let Spot smell the treats, but don't ever give him any.
c.	Give Spot a different number of treats each time he shakes when you say "shake", and occasionally give no treats at all.
d.	Give Spot treats each time he shakes, regardless of whether you say "shake" or not.
e.	Don't ever give Spot any treats until he learns to shake.

____ 34. The isolated Piraha tribespeople of Brazil have no words for specific numbers higher than 2. If shown seven nuts in a row they find it difficult to lay out the same number from their own pile of nuts. This best illustrates the impact of:

a.	algorithms on decision-making.
b.	prototypes on concept formation.
c.	genetics on intelligence.
d.	language on thinking.
e.	fixations on problem solving.

____ 35. Jorge has a hard time remembering details about his childhood and has decided to try hypnosis. According to the lecture, which of the following is most likely NOT going to occur? In other words, which of the following is FALSE?

a.	Jorge will report more details about his childhood than he has before.
b.	Jorge will remember his childhood more accurately than before.
c.	The hypnotist will be able to convince Jorge that as a child he had a friend named Patrick, even though he never met anyone by that name.
d.	Jorge will feel relaxed when the hypnotist tells him to relax.
e.	Jorge will follow commands, only about as much as he would if he were not hypnotized.

____ 36. In class, Dr. Gosling argued that animals, except for humans, lack true language ability because they fail to grasp syntax. Which of the following is the BEST evidence for this assertion?

a.	Animals, like dogs, do not use arbitrary units to communicate.
b.	Primates almost universally do not comprehend the meaning of changes in word order.
c.	Primates show significant linguistic changes when Wernicke’s area is damaged.
d.	Primates speak in calls and grunts rather than with a syllabic system.
e.	Jane Goodall could never get a chimpanzee to actually say “I love you Jane”

____ 37. What is the best explanation for the finding that women use more cognitive words than men?

a.	The difference is due to a third variable – women tend to discuss people more than objects.
b.	The difference is due to a primary variable – women tend to discuss objects more than people.
c.	The difference is due to a second variable – men tend to discuss more complex things and mechanical things.
d.	The difference is due to a fourth variable – women tend to discuss simpler things like gossiping about friends.
e.	Women have bigger brains than men.

____ 38. When you close one eye, you are not aware that you have a blind spot because

a.	It is too far from the center of your visual field to be noticeable.
b.	You can only observe it using the opposite eye.
c.	Top-down processes allow you to fill in the information.
d.	You can only notice it with both eyes open.
e.	It is in the center of your visual field.

____ 39. Although Willow sees her physics professor several times a week, she didn't recognize the professor when she saw her in the grocery store. This best illustrates the importance of:

a.	context effects.
b.	relative luminance.
c.	opponent-processing.
d.	interposition.
e.	perceptual amnesia.

____ 40. Scarlett has noticed that her husband, Rhett, always sleeps restlessly, snorting and gasping throughout the night. It is most likely that Rhett suffers from:

a.	aphasia.	d.	narcolepsy.
b.	night terrors.	e.	insomnia.
c.	sleep apnea.

____ 41. Whenever he feels sexually jealous, Sayid is flooded with painful recollections of the rare occasions in which he had observed his girlfriend flirting with other men. Sayid's experience best illustrates:

a.	retroactive interference.	d.	that he should break up with his girlfriend.
b.	Mood-congruent memory.	e.	source misattribution.
c.	the misinformation effect.

____ 42. Although Desmond can learn and remember how to ride a bike, he is unable to learn and remember the names of people to whom he has been introduced. Desmond is most likely to have suffered damage to his:

a.	pituitary gland.
b.	cerebellum.
c.	brainstem.
d.	hypothalamus.
e.	hippocampus.

____ 43. People are likely to take less time to recognize a woman as a nurse than a man as a nurse because a woman more closely resembles their nurse:

a.	heuristic.
b.	fixation.
c.	hierarchy.
d.	algorithm.
e.	prototype.

____ 44. Dr. Nguyen conducts a study where he gives each student a large cup of lemonade. Each time he asks the students to take a drink, he waits until all the students start drinking and then blows an extremely loud horn that makes the students ears ring and hurt badly. Which of the following is the most likely result of this experiment?

a.	Students will come to salivate more when they hear the horn.
b.	Students will salivate less when they hear the horn.
c.	Students will not want to drink the lemonade.
d.	Students will come to like the lemonade most.
e.	Dr. Nguyen will wish he honked twice.

____ 45. Jeb and Ed see a white disk-like object floating in the night sky. Jeb, who believes in UFO’s, thinks he’s seeing an alien flying saucer. Ed, a scientist, thinks he’s seeing a weather balloon. Why do Jeb and Ed come to different conclusions?

a.	Jeb is using top-down visual processing while Ed is using bottom-up processing.
b.	Jeb and Ed are both using bottom-up processing because dark objects activate rods more than cones.
c.	Jeb is using bottom-up processing while Ed is using top-down processing.
d.	Jeb and Ed are both using top-down processing, but their prior knowledge leads them to different conclusions.
e.	Jeb and Ed relied on different ocular motor cues.