Answers to
questions are at the bottom of the exam
PSY301-Pennebaker
Exam 2 –October
13, 2004
1. Genny knows a lot about
birds. But, recently, while she was on a
late evening bird watching trip she saw a bat for the first time in her
life. In order to cognitively process
the new information, she will first try to understand the bat by ___________
it into her “bird” schema but then realize that there are many key differences
between the bat and a bird and end up _________________ the bat by
creating a new “bat” schema.
a.
Assimilating,
accommodating
b.
Schematizing,
changing her attachment to
c.
Reducing, running
from
d.
Bargaining,
psychologically consuming
e.
Operationalizing,
rationalizing
2.
Theory of mind, or TOM:
a. is mastered
during the concrete operations stage and is considered an example of the loss of egocentric thought.
b. is a sign of general intelligence.
c. seems to be a learned ability.
d. is a philosophical movement based on Descartes.
e.
seeks to understand how people behave based on their mental states.
3. Joe Bob has been
in a close relationship with Chauntelle for two years. When she announces that she will be going out
of town for work, he gets extremely nervous and upset, begging her not to
leave. While she is gone, he tries to
call her several times a day. When she finally returns, his first reaction to
seeing her is anger rather than happiness.
An attachment expert would probably observe that Joe Bob:
a. never resolved
the trust versus mistrust stage
b. serves as an
excellent example of Parental Investment Theory
c. grew
up with an anxious relationship with his mother and/or father that has resulted
in his having a preoccupied attachment style
d.
may have had an insecure attachment relationship with his parents as a
child but his current issues with Chauntelle reflect common insecurities of new
adult relationships
e. is a serious nut and that Chauntelle would do
well to find someone who was a little bit more stable
4.
Which of the following groups exhibit parallel forms of babbling as compared to
normal children?
a. deaf children of parents who sign
b. children with dyslexia
c. autistic children
d.
infant chimpanzees
e.
children with Down syndrome
5. The case of Genie, the girl who was exposed
to virtually no language until discovered by welfare workers at the age of 13,
provided evidence that:
a. synaptic pruning causes
alexithymia and hyper-phonology
b. people can master language at any age due to
the brain’s plasticity
c. stories of children not being
exposed to language in a household are almost always a hoax.
Highly abusive upbringings inevitably lead to the early death of the
child (failure to thrive)
d. individuals are unable to acquire more than a
few words if they are not exposed to language by the age of 12
e. children must
be exposed to language before the age of 12 if they are to master the rules
that govern language
6. Operant conditioning
typically involves ____________ while classical conditioning more often involves
_____________.
a. species-specific behavior;
conditioned behavior mediated by the frontal lobe
b. avoiding punishment; seeking rewards
c. species-specific behavior; voluntary
decisions by the peripheral nervous system
d. voluntary behavior linked to a positive or
negative outcome; involuntary response linked to a stimulus
e. spontaneous behavior; conditioned behavior
controlled by the cerebral cortex
7. Ann wants to teach her
young son Musafer to start walking before any of the other babies in their play
group. Will Ann’s efforts pay off?
a.
Yes, depending on
the diet that Ann provides for Musafer.
Assuming that he eats protein-rich food (as exists in breast milk),
higher dopamine and androgenic B12+ will accelerate motor development.
b.
It depends on the
mother-child attachment relationship between Ann and Musafer. A child that has a secure relationship with a
parent figure is more likely to develop the emotional courage to try walking
early.
c.
No, because
children who are pushed too hard in their early development generally show a
failure to thrive.
d.
No, young
children learn to walk only when they are ready to walk and the process cannot
be sped up.
e.
Yes, but only if
she can work with Musafer’s muscle development in a systematic way, at least 20
minutes per day
8.
Chronic alcoholism is associated with __________, a disorder that can lead to
__________.
a. Korsakoff's syndrome; anterograde amnesia
b. Separation anxiety; gender identity disorder
c. Parkinson's disease; anterograde amnesia
d.
Schizophrenia; blocking
e.
Huntington's chorea; blocking
9. According to what is known
about gender differences in perception of cues, which of the following
directions would most likely be given by a woman?
a.
“Go 3 miles south
on I-84 an take exit 65 east.”
b.
“Go until you get
to the river and then head towards the mountains until you see the old yellow
house, then take a left.”
c.
“Drive south for 20 minutes and then turn west
and continue driving for 5 more minutes and turn south again.”
d.
“Turn left on
e.
“Find it
yourself, you idiot.”
10.
Pavlov's great insight was that dogs
a. have an inborn reflex to salivate at the sight of a
food bowl.
b. with enough positive reinforcement, a dog’s
personality could be changed.
c. could sense when their lab technicians were to
arrive.
d.
also experience emotions.
e.
came to associate the arrival of their bowls with the delivery of food.
11. At lunch, little Anna was
very upset that her older sister, Jane, got a bigger hot dog than she did. Her
frustrated mother took Anna’s hotdog, cut it in half, and gave the two pieces
back to Anna, saying: “Well, now you have more. You have 2 and Jane only has
1.” Anna smiled and said: “Now I have more than you Jane!” What is likely responsible for Anna’s
reasoning?
a.
equilibration
b.
decentration
c.
egocentrism
d.
absence of object permanence
e. lack of conservation
12. In the case of a cancer
patient who develops an aversion to foods, the CS is the __________ and the UCS
is the __________.
a. chemotherapy; food eaten
b. nausea; food eaten
c. food eaten; nausea
d. nausea; chemotherapy
e. food eaten; chemotherapy
13.
Based on
a.
familiarity is more important than nourishment in the development of
attachment
b.
nourishment and familiarity lead to attachment
c. simple
nourishment leads to attachment
d. perceived
security and contact comfort are more important than nourishment in the
development of attachment
e.
Nourishment places a more important role than contact comfort in the
development of attachment.
14.
Which term describes learning that takes place without reinforcement?
a. negative reinforcement
b. latent or insight learning
c. instrumental or operant conditioning
d.
retrograde amnesia
e.
fantabulous
15. Which of the following is
true with regard to eyewitness testimony:
a. People’s
memories can be altered by suggesting false details of an event
b.
Although eyewitnesses tend to be wrong quite frequently, deep down they know
that they are wrong
c.
The more time that people think about an event, the more accurate their memory
d.
Women are better at remembering details of a stressful event than men
e.
Most eyewitness accounts of crimes are quite accurate
16.
According to well-established research by linguists and psycholinguists on
universal grammar, the reason that children are able to learn words and put
them together into meaningful sentences so quickly is because:
a. of Kohlberg’s moral development stage theory
– starting around age 2, children advance to the preconceptual stage of
development where they now can begin to reason what is the “morally right” way
to speak
b. of the
innate ability of understanding the deep structure of language – babies are
born with a genetically-based linguistic acquisition device (LAD)
c. of observational learning – from birth, young
children are remarkable listeners; they
listen to the ways that adults organize language and quickly master it once
they begin to understand the meaning of words
d. of the nature of verbs – all languages have
verbs and, once children understand the meaning of action, they can
automatically figure out how ideas are formed
e. of positive reinforcement – children are
systematically reinforced by parents and others and gradually learn how words
are put together
17. Two-year-old Lauren loves to play
"peek-a-boo" with her mommy, indicating that she has acquired
a.
schema reasoning
b.
metacognition
c.
centration
d.
transitivity
e. object permanence
18. The best evidence for a
“critical period” for language development comes from the
observation that:
a. deaf children
who come to signing late never get as good at it as early signers
b. deaf children show great resiliency in
catching up with learning sign language even
when they grow up.
c. deaf children
do not develop symbolic communication on their own
d.
the more
languages you learn, the harder it is to learn the next one
e.
children of deaf
parents don’t learn to sign
19.
Who will have the best short-term recall for chess pieces placed randomly
on a game board? [Bad question – everyone gets credit]
a. chess experts
b. beginning chess players
c. non-chess players
d.
all of the above equally
e.
none of the above
20. If you visit your grandfather in the
hospital, but he claims not to remember your visit, even though you had a
coherent conversation, it is likely that
a. his immediate memory was working, but his working
memory was disrupted.
b. his memory was working according
to the on-and-off cycle: it would work for
approximately 4 hours and then would go off for four hours.
c. all aspects of
his memory were working, but your grandfather experienced retrograde
interference.
d. no aspects of his memory were working properly.
e.
his working memory was working, but consolidation to long-term memory was
disrupted.
21.
If you were reminded of a childhood friend and then were asked to name a lake,
you are more likely to recall the name of the lake near your friend's house
because of
a. suggestibility and misinformation
b. localizing function within the medial temporal
lobes
c. repressed memory syndrome
d.
spreading activation effects
e.
encoding specificity
22. Which of the following statements is NOT true about
Erikson’s theory dealing with development across the life cycle?
a.
The
first developmental task facing infants is to develop a sense of trust.
b.
At
each of eight stages, an individual faces a developmental task, a challenge
that is normative for that period of life.
c.
His theory
of social development is based on a linear model in the sense that people
develop gradually over time.
d.
In
describing one of the developmental challenges, Erikson coined the term,
identity crisis.
e.
A
major contribution of the theory is to recognize that people continue to
develop throughout life and to deal with issues as they get older.
23.
The encoding specificity principle is to state dependent memory
as _______ is to ______:
a. feelings of depression related to the head of a
high school; feelings of memory loss associated with larger states (such as
b. spatial memory; repressed memory
c. retrieval cues in longterm
memory; explicit memory
d.
a retrieval cue in the environment that triggers a memory; a mood or physical
feeling that triggers memories
e. a highly specific
rule; a memory that depends on a particular location
24. Of the following
individuals, who would we expect to use “I” the most in their speaking and
writing?
a.
A 50 year old man
suffering from depression.
b.
A 50 year old
democrat.
c.
A 25 year old
woman suffering from depression.
d.
A 50 year old
woman with Broca’s area damage.
e. A 25 year old man with Broca’s area damage.
25.
When people are asked to memorize 20 words that are called out one after another,
they usually forget at least 12 of them within a few minutes. The reason they forget them is most likely
due to:
a. anterograde amnesia.
b. repression.
c. retrograde amnesia.
d.
lack of intelligence.
e.
transience.
26. James is a normal 8 year
old child. According to Piaget, which of
the following is a task that James could probably NOT do?
a.
Solve a maze in
reverse.
b.
Understand that
he has the power to move his fingers and toes.
c.
Understand that
the family cat still exists when it leaves the room.
d.
Understand how
his sister can feel sad when he feels happy.
e.
Know that when he
pours Kool-Aid from a fat cup into a skinny cup, there is still the same amount
of Kool-Aid.
27.
In general, psychologists advocate the use of ________ in trying to modify
human behavior.
a. negative punishment over positive reinforcement
b. positive punishment over observational learning.
c. negative punishment over operant conditioning.
d.
positive reinforcement over punishment.
e.
punishment over negative reinforcement.
28. Which of the following is
an example of the sociobiological perspective of evolution.
a.
A young man
showing anger when his neighbor threatens to take his food supply.
b.
A male wanting to
get many females pregnant (that he is not related to).
c.
A healthy individual
deciding not to get one of few available flu vaccinations so someone who is at
risk for dying from the flu can.
d.
A wife being
jealous about her husband’s fondness of his secretary.
e. A woman looking for financial
and psychological stability in a potential husband.
29. The
a. No. An event
that arouses tremendous conflict with people is quickly forgotten and the
building of a monument is unlikely because of the political turmoil it arouses
b. Yes.
Monuments are built for all wars fought by
c. Yes. If a
monument isn’t built immediately after the war, it usually takes about 25 years
before one is finally built – about the time that it takes for today’s 13-25
year olds to reach the age of having money and power.
d.
Yes. But it generally takes several
generations for a country to build a monument because it is impossible to
decide on what historical events mean.
Most monuments are built because of the recommendations of historians
and not psychologists.
e.
Yes. It depends on the final outcome of
the war. If it turns out positively,
then a monument is generally built quickly (usually within 2-5 years). If the war ends badly, then it usually takes 1-2
generations.
30.
Which aspect of memory is most affected by dementia?
a. long-term memory
b. short-term memory
c. iconic memory
d. cell memory
e.
sensory memory
31. Bemoni gave the following grocery list of
items to George to pick up at the store: milk, eggs, ham, ice cream, whip
cream, Kleenex, tortillas, bananas, oranges.
But when George arrived at the store, he realized that he forgot to
bring the grocery list but, instead of going back to get the list, tried to
remember what was on it. Based on the
serial position effects on recall, which of the following would be the items he
would be most likely to remember?
a.
Milk, eggs, ham.
b.
Eggs, ham,
tortillas.
c.
Milk, bananas,
oranges.
d.
Tortillas,
bananas, oranges.
e.
Ice cream, whip
cream, Kleenex.
32. Pat eats a mushroom pizza
from a new pizzeria in town. Two days
later, he becomes violently ill. From
that point on, he cannot even look at ANY food dish that has mushrooms in it
without getting nauseas. What
explanation might an evolutionary psychologist give for Pat’s strong
reaction to mushrooms?
a.
Pat’s response is
an example of an individual making a sacrifice for the good of the group.
b.
Pat’s response is
due to his ambivalent relationship with his mother.
c.
Pat’s response is
an example of an auditory phobia that can be acquired through classical
conditioning.
d.
Pat’s response
stems from an adaptation to avoid foods that could kill him and make it less
likely that he will pass on his genetic make-up.
e.
Pat’s response is
caused by the negative reward he experienced last time he ate mushrooms.
33.
Kohlberg's theory emphasized that moral development occurs
a. in a
continuous fashion.
b. because
infants are innately very moral individuals.
c. as the
result of experience.
d. as the result of emotional development.
e. in stages.
34. What does research on observational learning
suggest about violence in the media?
a. Exposure to aggression can have a profound
influence on children.
b. Exposure to aggression has no influence on
children.
c. Children are not able to learn from observation
because they have not yet mastered formal operations.
d. Exposure to
aggression only influences children who are low in self-esteem.
e.
Exposure to aggression reduces later aggressive behavior (catharsis).
35. “Got in the car. Drove to
the bank and left because the line was too long and then went to the store
later. Bought some milk and came
home. I didn’t rob no bank.” This is what one of the suspects said when
asked about a bank robbery. According to
work on linguistic lie detection, it likely that:
a. He is lying because his words tend to be too
short. Also, his use of a double
negative at the end of his statement suggests that he really did rob the bank.
b. He is lying because
he doesn’t “own” what he is saying by using more 1st person
singular. He also doesn’t use any
exclusive words (except, but, exclude).
c. He is telling the
truth because he uses action verbs (got, drove, bought) suggesting that he is
reliving the experience accurately.
d. He is telling the
truth because he is laying out a specific plan of action. Also, he addresses the accusation about the
robbery directly.
e. Linguistic lie detection doesn’t work at
rates above chance. It’s impossible to
predict honesty or dishonesty from word usage.
36.
In operant conditioning, reinforcement occurs because of __________ release in
the __________.
a. serotonin; ventral tegmental area
b. dopamine; temporal lobe
c.
zumbitoxia; wycambial chomberatis
d.
serotonin; locus coerelius
e.
dopamine; nucleus accumbens
37. Why are slot machines
very effective money makers in casinos?
a.
Slot machines are
programmed to pay out winnings on a fixed schedule so people play them for a
long time before quitting.
b.
Slot machines are
programmed to pay out winnings on a variable ratio schedule so extinction
happens slowly.
c.
Slot machines are
played mostly by older people who have failing long-term memory, making it more
difficult for them to recall how they have done in the past.
d.
Slot machines
work like the “wire mothers” in the attachment research. Based on people’s childhood relationships
with parent, people naturally turn to any person or object that provides some
form of love or acceptance.
e.
Slot machines are
unpredictable so people do not become instrumentally conditioned into playing
them.
38. Missy was listening to
Joey at the party and having difficulty making sense of what he was saying.
What Joey was saying did not make much sense to Missy although he seemed at
ease and talking a lot. According to studies on brain damaged patients, Joey
might be suffering from damage to his _________ while his _______ might be
intact.
a.
Hippocampus, amygdala
b.
Basal ganglia, the occipital lobe
c.
Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area
d.
Thalamus, hypothalamus
e. Wernicke’s
area, Broca’s area
39. Which of the following
statements is FALSE about aging:
a. As people get older, they
become increasingly likely to become socially isolated and depressed
b. Crystallized
intelligence (the ability to learn or memorize new information) generally
increases with age until the
most advanced age periods
c. As people get older, they use
more positive emotion words and fewer negative emotion words
d. Mental
processing speed declines with age
e. Men and women above the age of 60 are generally able
to have an active sex life
40. Adults who have frontal lobe brain damage
often exhibit signs of the grasping reflex and other instinctual behaviors that
they haven’t done since they were infants.
Does this provide evidence for a linear model of development or for a
stage model of development?
a.
Linear, because
linear theory claims that skills and abilities are gradually learned and build
on previous skills and abilities.
b.
Stage, because
stage theory claims it is possible to fall back into old stages that an
individual has already left.
c.
A linear-stage
model, wherein brain development stops soon after about 6 months and then
linear learning takes over.
d.
Stage, because,
as Shakespeare said, “All the world's a stage, and all the men and women merely
players.”
e.
Linear, because
linear theory suggests a circular development where people eventually end up
where they started.
1. a
2.
e
3. c
4. a
5. e
6. d
7. d
8. a
9. b
10.
e
11.
e
12.
e
13.
d
14.
b
15.
a
16.
b
17.
e
18.
a
19.
fugetaboutit – bad question
20.
e
21.
d
22.
c
23.
d
24.
c
25.
e
26.
a
27.
d
28.
c
29.
c
30.
a
31.
c
32.
d
33.
e
34.
a
35.
b
36.
e
37.
b
38.
e
39.
a
40.
a