Reference List of Writing/Disclosure Studies

(Note: This list was compiled in July, 2006. Please send any new or overlooked published references to Pennebaker@mail.utexas.edu)

Alpers, G. W., Winzelberg, A. J., Classen, C., Dev, P., Koopman, C., Roberts, H., et al. (2005). Evaluation of computerized text anaylsis in an Internet breast cancer support group. Computers in Human Behavior, 21, 343-358.

Ames, S. C., Patten, C. A., Offord, K. P., Pennebaker, J. W., Croghan, I. T., Tri, D. M., Stevens, S. R., & Hurt, R. D. (2005). Expressive writing intervention for young adult cigarette smokers. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 1555-1570

Ames, S.C., Patten, C.A., Werch, C.E., Echols, J.D., Schroeder, D.R., Stevens, S.R., Pennebaker, J.W., & Hurt, R.D. (in press). Expressive writing as a nicotine dependence treatment adjunct for young adult smokers. Nicotine & Tobacco Research.

Baikie, K.A., & Wilhelm, K. (2005). Emotional and physical health benefits of expressive writing. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 11, 338-346.

Barry, L. M., & Singer, G. H. S. (2001). Reducing maternal psychological distress after the NICU experience through journal writing. Journal of Early Intervention, 24, 287-297.

Batten, S. V., Follette, V. M., & Palm, K. M. (2002). Physical and psychological effects of written disclosure among sexual abuse survivors. Behavior Therapy, 33, 107-122.

Beckwith, K. M., Greenberg, M.A., & Gevirtz, R. (2005). Autonomic effects of expressive writing in individuals with elevated blood pressure. Journal of Health Psychology, 10, 197-209.

Bernard, M., Jackson, C., & Jones, C. (2006). Written emotional disclosure following first-episode psychosis: Effects on symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45, 403-415.

Bolton, G., Howlett, S., Lago, C., & Wright, J.K. (Eds.) (2004). Writing cures: An introductory handbook of writing in counselling and therapy.New York: Brunner-Routledge.

Booth, R. J., & Davison, K. P. (2003). Relating to our worlds in a psychobiological context: The impact of disclosure on self-generation and immunity. In J. Wilce (Ed.), Social and Cultural Lives of Immune Systems (pp. 36-48). London and New York: Routledge.

Booth, R.J., Petrie, K.J., & Pennebaker, J.W. (1997). Changes in circulating lymphocyte numbers following emotional disclosure: Evidence of buffering? Stress Medicine, 13, 23-29.

Bower, J. E., Kemeny, M. E., Taylor, S. E., & Fahey, J. L. (2003). Finding meaning and its association with natural killer cell cytotoxicity among participants in a bereavement-related disclosure intervention. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 25, 146-155.

Brewin, C.R. & Lennard, H. (1999). Effects of mode of writing on emotional narratives. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 12, 355-361.

Broderick, J. E., Stone, A. A., Smyth, J. M., Kaell, A. T. (2004). The feasibility and effectiveness of an expressive writing intervention for rheumatoid arthritis via home-based videotaped instructions. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 27, 50-59.

Broderick, J. E., Junghaenel, D. U., & Schwartz, J. E. (2005). Written emotional expression produces health benefits in fibromyalgia patients. Psychosomatic Medicine, 67, 326-334.

Brown, E.J. & Heimberg, R.G. (2001). Effects of writing about rape: Evaluating Pennebaker's paradigm with a severe trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14, 781.

Burton, C. M., & King. L. A. (2004). The health benefits of writing about intensely positive experiences. Journal of Research in Personality, 38, 150-163.

Cameron, L. D., & Nicholls, G. (1998). Expression of stressful experiences through writing: Effects of a self-regulation manipulation for pessimists and optimists. Health Psychology, 17, 84-92.

Campbell, R.S. & Pennebaker, J.W. (2003). The secret life of pronouns: Flexibility in writing style and physical health. Psychological Science, 14, 60-65.

Casey, C.Y., Greenberg, M.A., Nicassio, P.M., Harpin, R.E., & Hubbard, D. (2007, in press). Transition from acute to chronic pain and disability: A model including cognitive, affective, and trauma factors. Pain

Christensen A.J., Edwards D.L., Wiebe J.S., Benotsch E.G., McKelvey L., Andrews M., Lubaroff D.M. (1996). Effect of verbal self-disclosure on natural killer cell activity: Moderating influence of cynical hostility. Psychosomatic Medicine, 58, 150-155.

Christensen, A. J. & Smith, T. W. (1993). Cynical hostility and cardiovascular reactivity during self-disclosure. Psychosomatic Medicine, 55, 193-202.

Cohen, G.L., Garcia, J., Apfel, N., & Master, A. (2006). Reducing the racial achievement gap: A social-psychological intervention. Science, 313, 1307-1310.

Creswell, J.D., Lam, S., Stanton, A.L., Taylor, S.E., Bower, J.E., & Sherman, D.K. (2007). Does Self-Affirmation, Cognitive Processing, or Discovery of Meaning Explain Cancer-Related Health Benefits of Expressive Writing? Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 238-250.

Davis, C. G., & McKearney, J. M. (2003). How do people grow from their experience with trauma or loss? Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 22, 477-492.

De Moor, C., Sterner, J., Hall, M., Warneke, C., Gilani, Z., Amato, R., et al. (2002). A pilot study of the effects of expressive writing on psychological and behavioral adjustment in patients enrolled in a phase II trial of vaccine therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Health Psychology, 21, 615-619.

Deters, P. B., & Range, L. M. (2003). Does writing reduce posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms? Violence and Victims, 18, 569-580.

Donnelly, D. A., & Murray, E. J. (1991). Cognitive and emotional changes in written essays and therapy interviews. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 10, 334-350.

Earnhardt, J. L., Martz, D. M., Ballard, M. E., & Curtin, L. (2002). A writing intervention for negative body image: Pennebaker fails to surpass the placebo. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 17, 19-35.

Epstein, E.M., Sloan, D.M., & Marx, B.P. (2005). Getting to the heart of the matter: Written disclosure, gender, and heart rate. Psychosomatic Medicine, 67, 413-419

Esterling, B. A., Antoni, M. H., Fletcher, M. A., Margulies, S., & Schneiderman, N. (1994). Emotional disclosure through writing or speaking modulates latent Epstein-Barr virus antibody titers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 130-140.

Fivush, R., Marin, K., Crawford, M., Reynolds, M., & Brewin, C.R. (2007). Children’s narratives and well-being. Cognition and Emotion, 21, 1414-1434.

Floyd, K., Mikkelson, A.C., Hesse, C., & Pauley, P.M. (2007). Affectionate writing reduces total cholesterol: Two randomized controlled trials. Human Communication Research, 33, 119-142.

Francis, M.E. & Pennebaker, J.W. (1992). Putting stress into words: Writing about personal upheavals and health. American Journal of Health Promotion, 6, 280-287.

Frattaroli, J. (2006). Experimental disclosure and its moderators: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 823-865.

Freyd, J.J., Klest, B., & Allard, C.B. (2005). Betrayal trauma: Relationship to physical health, psychological distress, and a written disclosure intervention. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 6, 83-104.

Frisina, P.G., Borod, J.C., & Lepore, S.J. (2004). A meta-analysis of the effects of written emotional disclosure on the health outcomes of clinical populations. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 192, 629-634.

Gallagher, P., & MacLachlan, M. (2002). Evaluating a written emotional disclosure homework intervention for lower-limb amputees. Archives of Physical and Medical Rehabilitation, 83, 1464-1466.

Gallant, M. D., & Lafreniere, K. D. (2003). Effects of an emotional disclosure writing task on the physical and psychological functioning of children of alcoholics. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 21, 55-66.

Gidron, Y., Duncan, E., Lazar, A., Biderman, A., Tandeter, H., & Shvartzman, P. (2002). Effects of guided disclosure of stressful experiences on clinic visits and symptoms in frequent clinic attenders. Family Practice, 19, 161-166.

Gidron, Y., Gal, R., Freedman, S., Twiser, I., Lauden, A., Snir, Y., & Benjamin, J. (2001). Translating research findings to PTSD prevention: Results of a randomized-controlled pilot study, Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14, 773-780.

Gidron, Y., Peri, T., Connolly, J. F., & Shalev, A. Y. (1996). Written disclosure in posttraumatic stress disorder: Is it beneficial for the patient? Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 184, 505- 507.

Gillis, M.E., Lumley, M.A., Mosley-Williams, A., Leisen, J.C.C., & Roehrs, T. (in press). The health effects of at-home written emotional disclosure in fibromyalgia: A randomized trial. Annals of Behavioral Medicine.

Gortner, E., Rude, S., & Pennebaker, J.W. (in press). Benefits of expressive writing in lowering rumination and depressive symptoms. Behavior Therapy.

Greenberg, M. A., & Stone, A. A. (1992). Emotional disclosure about traumas and its relation to health: Effects of previous disclosure and trauma severity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 75-84.

Greenberg, M. A., Stone, A. A., & Wortman, C. B. (1996). Health and psychological effects of emotional disclosure: A test of the inhibition-confrontation approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 588-602.

Guinther, P. M., Segal, D. L., & Bogaards, J. A. (2003). Gender differences in emotional processing among bereaved older adults. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 8, 15-33.

Harvey, A.G. & Farrel, C. (2003). The efficacy of the Pennebaker-like writing intervention for poor sleepers. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 1, 115-124.

Harber, K.D. & Wenberg, K.E. (2005). Emotional disclosure and closeness to offenders. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 734-746.

Harber, K.D., Einav-Cohen, M., & Lang, F. (in press).  They heard a cry: Psycho-social resources moderate perception of others' distress.  European Journal of Social Psychology.

Harber, K.D., & Cohen, D. (2005). the emotional broadcaster theory of social sharing.  Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 24, 382-400.

Harris, A. H. S. (2006). Does expressive writing reduce health care utilization? A meta-analysis of randomized trials. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 243-252.

Harris, A. H. S., Thoresen, C. E., Humpheys, K., & Faul, J. (2005). Does Expressive Writing Affect Asthma?: A Randomized Trial. Psychosomatic Medicine, 67, 130-136.

Hemenover, S. H. (2003). The good, the bad, and the healthy: Impacts of emotional disclosure of trauma on resilient self-concept and psychological distress, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1236-1244.

Hockemeyer, J., Smyth, J., Anderson, C., & Stone, A. (1999). Is it safe to write? Evaluating the short-term distress produced by writing about emotionally traumatic experiences. Psychosomatic Medicine, 61 [Abstract]

Honos-Webb, L., Harrick, E.A., Stiles, W.B., & Park, C. (2000). Assimilation of traumatic experiences and physical-health outcomes: Cautions for the Pennebaker paradigm. Psychotherapy, 37, 307-314.

Horn, A.B., & Mehl, M.R. (2004). Expressives Schreiben als Copingtechnik: Ein Überblick über den Stand der Forschung. Verhaltenstherapie, 14, 274-283.

Joseph, L.M., & Greenberg, M.A. (2001). The effects of a career transition program on reemployment success in laid-off professionals. Consulting Psychology Journal, 53, 169-181.

Kelley J.E., Lumley M.A., Leisen J.C. (1997). Health effects of emotional disclosure in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Health Psychology, 16, 331-340.

Kelly, A. E., Klusas, J. A., von Weiss, R. T., & Kenny, C. (2001). What is it about revealing secrets that is beneficial? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 651-665.

King, L. A. & Miner, K. N. (2000). Writing about the perceived benefits of traumatic events: Implications for physical health. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 220-230.

King, L. A. (2001). The health benefits of writing about life goals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 798-807.

Klapow, J.C., Schmidt, S.M., Taylor, L.A., Roller, P., Li, Q., Calhoun, J.W., Wallander, J., & Pennebaker, J.W. (2001). Symptom management in older primary care patients: Feasibility of an experimental, written self-disclosure protocol. Annals of Internal Medicine, 134, 905-911.

Klein, K., & Boals, A. (2001). Expressive writing can increase working memory capacity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130, 520-533.

Kloss, J.D., & Lisman, S.A. (2002). An exposure-based examination of the effects of written emotional disclosure. British Journal of Health Psychology, 7, 31-46.

Koopman, C., Ismailji, T., Holmes, D., Classen, C.C., Palesh, O., & Wales, T. (2005). The effects of expressive writing on pain, depression and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in survivors of intimate partner violence. Journal of Health Psychology, 10, 211-221.

Kovac, S. H., & Range, L. M. (2000). Writing projects: Lessening undergraduates' unique suicidal bereavement. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 30, 50-60.

Kovac, S. H., & Range, L. M. (2002). Does writing about suicidal thoughts and feelings reduce them? Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 32, 428-440.

Kowalski, R. M., & Cantrell, C. C. (2002). Intrapersonal and interpersonal consequences of complaints. Representative Research in Social Psychology, 26, 26-33.

Kroner-Herwig, B., Linkemann, A., & Morris, L. (2004). Selbstöffnung beim Schreiben über belastende Lebensereignisse: Ein Weg in die Gesundheit? Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie, 33, 183–190. [Reprinted in English: Morris, L., Linkemann, A. & Kröner-Herwig, B. (2005). Writing your way to health? The effects of disclosure in German students. In M. E. Abelian (Ed.) Focus on psychotherapy research (pps 219-239). Nova Science, New York].

Lange, A., Rietdijk, D., Hudcovicova, M., Van de Ven, J-P., Schrieken, S. & Emmelkamp,. P.M.G. (2003). INTERAPY. A controlled randomized trial of the standardized treatment of posttraumatic stress through the Internet. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 901-909.

Lange, A., Schoutrop, M.J.A., Schrieken, B., & Ven, J-P. (2002). Interapy: a model for therapeutic writing through the internet. In: S.J.Lepore & .J.M. Smyth (Eds.), The writing cure: How expressive writing promotes health and emotional well being (chapter 12, p.215-238). Washington: APA.

Lange, A., Ven, J-P. van de, & Schrieken, B. (in press). Interapy, treatment of posttraumatic stress and PTSD through the internet: theory, practice and research findings. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy.

Lange, A, Ven, J-P. van de, Schrieken, B., & Emmelkamp, P. (2001). INTERAPY. Treatment of posttraumatic stress through the Internet: A controlled trial. Behavioral Research and Experimental Psychiatry, 32 , 73-90.

Langens, T.A., & Schuler, J. (2005). Written emotional expression and emotional well-being: The moderating role of fear of rejection. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 818-830.

Largo-Marsh, L., & Spates, C. R. (2002). The effects of writing therapy in comparison to EMD/R on traumatic stress: The relationship between hypnotizability and client expectancy to outcome. Professional Psychology: Research & Practice, 33, 581-586.

Leake, R., Friend, R., & Wadhwa, N. (1999). Improving adjustment to chronic illness through strategic self-presentation: An experimental study on a renal dialysis unit. Health Psychology, 18, 54-62.

Lepore, S. J. (1997). Expressive writing moderates the relation between intrusive thoughts and depressive symptoms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1030-1037.

Lepore, S.J., Fernandez-Berrocal, P., Ragan, J., & Ramos, N. (2004). It’s not that bad: Social challenges to emotional disclosure enhance adjustment to stress. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 17, 341-361.

Lepore, S. J., & Greenberg, M. A. (2002). Mending broken hearts: Effects of expressive writing on mood, cognitive processing, social adjustment and health following a relationship breakup. Psychology and Health, 17, 547-560.

Lepore, S.J., Silver, R.C., Wortman, C.B., & Wayment, H.A. (1996). Social constraints, intrusive thoughts, and depressive symptoms among bereaved mothers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 271-282.

Lepore, S., & Smyth, J. (2002). The writing cure: How expressive writing promotes health and emotional well-being. American Psychological Association press: Washington, DC. [Edited book]

Lewis, R.J., Derlega, V.J., Clarke, E.G., Kuang, J.C., Jacobs, A.M., & McElligott, M.D. (2005). An expressive writing intervention to cope with lesbian-related stress: The moderating effects of openness about sexual orientation. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 29, 149-157.

Littrell, J. (1998). Is the reexperience of painful emotion therapeutic? Clinical Psychology Review, 18, 71-102.

Low, C. A., Stanton, A.L., & Danoff-Burg, S. (2006). Expressive disclosure and benefit finding among breast cancer patients: Mechanisms for positive health effects. Health Psychology, 25, 181-189.

Lumley, M., Leegstra, S., Provenzano, K., & Warren, V. (1999). The health effects of writing about emotional stress on physically symptomatic young adults.(abstract) Psychosomatic Medicine, 61, 84-130.

Lumley, M. A. & Provenzano, K. M. (2003). Stress management through emotional disclosure improves academic performance among college students with physical symptoms. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95, 641-649.

Lutgendorf, S.K., Antoni, M.H. (1999). Emotional and cognitive processing in a trauma disclosure paradigm. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 23, 423-440.

Lutgendorf, S.K., Antoni, M.H., Kumar, M., & Schneiderman, N. (1994). Changes in coping strategies predict EBV antibody titers following a stressor disclosure induction. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38, 63-78.

Lyubomisky, S., Sousa, L., & Dickerhoof, R. (2006). The costs and benefits of writing, talking, and thinking about life’s triumphs and defeats. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 692-708.

Mackenzie, C.S., Wiprzycka, U.J., Hasher, L., & Goldstein, D. (2007). Does expressive writing reduce stress and improve health for family caregivers of older adults? The Gerontologist, 47, 296-306.

Manier, D. & Olivares, A. (2005). Who benefits from expressive writing? Moderator variables affecting outcomes of emotional disclosure interventions. Counseling and Clinical Psychology Journal, 2, 15-28.

Mann, T. (2001). Effects of future writing and optimism on health behaviors in HIV-infected women. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 23, 26-33.

Marlo H., Wagner M.K. (1999). Expression of negative and positive events through writing: implications for psychotherapy and health. Psychology and Health, 14, 193-215.

McGuire, K.M., Greenberg, M.A., & Gevirtz, R. (2005). Autonomic effects of expressive writing in individuals with elevated blood pressure. Journal of Health Psychology, 10, 197-209.

Mendes, W. B., Reis, H., Seery, M.D., & Blascovich, J. (2003). Cardiovascular correlates of emotional expression and suppression: Do content and gender context matter? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 771-792.

Mendolia, M., & Kleck, R.E. (1993). Effects of talking about a stressful event on arousal: Does what we talk about make a difference? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 283-292.

Murray, E. J., & Segal, D. L. (1994). Emotional processing in vocal and written expression of feelings about traumatic experiences. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 7, 391-405.

Murray, E. J., Lamnin, A. D., & Carver, C. S. (1989). Emotional expression in written essays and psychotherapy. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 8, 414-429.

Njus, D. M., Nitschke, W., & Bryant, F. B. (1996). Positive affect, negative affect, and the moderating effect of writing on sIgA antibody levels. Psychology and Health, 12, 135-148.

Norman, S.A., Lumley, M.A., Dooley, J.A., & Diamond, M.P. (2004). For whom does it work? Moderators of the effects of written emotional disclosure in women with chronic pelvic pain. Psychosomatic Medicine, 66, 174-183.

O’Connor, D.B., & Ashley, L. (in press). Are alexithymia and emotional characteristics of disclosure associated with blood pressure reactivity and psychological distress following written emotional disclosure? British Journal of Health Psychology.

Opre, A., Coman, A., Kallay, E., Rotaru, D., & Manier, D. (2005). Reducing distress in college students through expressive writing: A pilot study on a Romanian sample. Cognitie, Creier, & Comportament [Cognition, Brain, & Behavior], 10, 53-64.

Paez, D., Velasco, C., & Gonzalez, J. L. (1999). Expressive writing and the role of alexithymia as a dispositional deficit in self-disclosure and psychological health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 630-641.

Palmer, G., & Braud, W. (2002). Exceptional human experiences, disclosure, and a more inclusive view of physical, psychological, and spiritual well-being. The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 34, 29-61.

Pantchenko, T., Lawson, M., & Joyce, M. R. (2003). Verbal and non-verbal disclosure of recalled and negative experiences: Relation to well-being. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, and Practice, 76, 251-265.

Park, C. L. & Blumberg, C. J. (2002). Disclosing trauma through writing: Testing the meaning-making hypothesis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26, 597-616.

Pennebaker, J.W., Barger, S.D., & Tiebout, J. (1989). Disclosure of traumas and health among Holocaust survivors. Psychosomatic Medicine, 51, 577-589.

Pennebaker, J.W. & Beall, S.K. (1986). Confronting a traumatic event: Toward an understanding of inhibition and disease. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 274-281.

Pennebaker, J.W., Colder, M., & Sharp, L.K. (1990). Accelerating the coping process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 528-537.

Pennebaker, J.W. & Francis, M.E. (1996). Cognitive, emotional, and language processes in disclosure. Cognition and Emotion, 10, 601-626.

Pennebaker, J.W., Hughes, C.F. & O'Heeron, R.C. (1987). The psychophysiology of confession: Linking inhibitory and psychosomatic processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 781-793.

Pennebaker, J.W., Kiecolt-Glaser, J., & Glaser, R. (1988). Disclosure of traumas and immune function: Health implications for psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 239-245.

Pennebaker, J.W., Mayne, T.J., & Francis, M.E. (1997). Linguistic predictors of adaptive bereavement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 863-871.

Petrie, K.J., Booth, R., Pennebaker, J.W., Davison, K.P., & Thomas, M. (1995). Disclosure of trauma and immune response to Hepatitis B vaccination program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 787-792.

Petrie, K.P., Booth, R.J., & Pennebaker, J.W. (1998). The immunological effects of thought suppression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1264-1272.

Petrie, K.J., Fontanilla, I., Thomas, M.G., Booth, R.J., & Pennebaker. J.W. (in press). Effect of written emotional expression on immune function in patients with HIV infection: A randomized trial. Psychosomatic Medicine.

Pizarro, J. (2004). The efficacy of art and writing therapy: Increasing positive mental health outcomes and participant retention after exposure to traumatic experience. Art Therapy, 21, 5-12.

Radcliffe, A.M., Lumley, M.A., Kendall, J., Stevenson, J.K., & Beltran, J. (in press). Written emotional disclosure: Testing whether social disclosure matters. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology.

Range, L.M., Kovac, S. H., & Marion, M. S. (2000). Does writing about the bereavement lessen grief following sudden, unintentional death? Death Studies, 24, 115-134.

Reynolds, M., Brewin, C. R., & Saxton, M. (2000). Emotional disclosure in school children. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines, 41, 151-159.

Richards, J.M., Beal, W.E., Seagal, J., & Pennebaker, J.W. (2000). The effects of disclosure of traumatic events on illness behavior among psychiatric prison inmates. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 156-160.

Rimé, B. (1995). Mental rumination, social sharing, and the recovery from emotional exposure. In J. W. Pennebaker (Ed.), Emotion, disclosure, and health (pp. 271-291). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Rivkin, I.D., Gustafson, J., Weingarten, I., & Chin, D. (2006). The effects of expressive writing on adjustment to HIV. AIDS and Behavior, 10, 13-26.

Rooke, S.E., & Malouff, J.M. (in press). The efficacy of symbolic modeling and vicarious reinforcement in increasing coping-method adherence. Behavior Therapy.

Rude, S.S., Gortner, E.-M., & Pennebaker J.W. (in press). Language use of depressed and depression-vulnerable college students. Cognition & Emotion.

Sandgren, A. K., & McCaul, K. D. (2003). Short-term effects of telephone therapy for breast cancer patients. Health Psychology, 22, 310-315.

Schilte, A.F., Portegijs, P.J.M., Blankenstein, A.H., van der Horst, H.E., Latour, M.B.F., van Eijk, J.T.M., & Knottnerus, J.A. (2001). Randomised controlled trial of disclosure of emotionally important events in somatisation in primary care. British Medical Journal, 323, 86.

Schoutrop, M. J. A., Lange, A., Brosschot, J., & Everaerd, W. (1997). Overcoming traumatic events by means of writing assignments. In A. Vingerhoets, F. van Bussel, & J. Boelhouwer (Eds.), The (Non)expression of emotions in health and disease (pp 279-289). Tilburg, The Netherlands: Tilburg University Press.

Schoutroup, M.J.A., Brosschot, J.F, & Lange, A. (1999). Writing assignments after trauma: decreased re-experiencing and within/across session physiological habituation [abstract]. Psychosomatic Medicine, 61, 95.

Schoutrop, M.J.A., Lange, A., Hanewald, G., Davidovich, U., & Salomon, H. (2002). Structured writing and processing major stressful events: A controlled trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 71, 141-157.

Schut, H. A. W., Stroebe, M. S., & van den Bout, J. (1997). Intervention for the bereaved: Gender differences in the efficacy of two counselling programmes. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 36, 63-72.

Schwartz, L., & Drotar, D. (2004). Effects of written emotional disclosure on caregivers of children and adolescents with chronic illness. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 29, 105-118.

Scott, V. B., Robare, R. D., Raines, D. B., Konwinski, S. J. M., Chanin, J. A., & Tolley, R. S. (2003). Emotive writing moderates the relationship between mood awareness and athletic performance in collegiate tennis players. North American Journal of Psychology, 5, 311-324

Segal, D. L., Bogaards, J. A., Becker, L. A., & Chatman, C. (1999). Effects of emotional expression on adjustment to spousal loss among older adults. Journal of Mental Health and Aging, 5, 297-310.

Segal, D. L., Chatman, C., Bogaards, J. A., & Becker, L. A. (2001). One year follow-up of an emotional expression intervention for bereaved older adults. Journal of Mental Health and Aging, 7, 465-472.

Segal, D. L. & Murray, E. J. (1994). Emotional processing in cognitive therapy and vocal expression of feeling. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 13, 189-206.

Segal, D. L., & Murray, E. J. (2001). Comparison of distance emotional expression with psychotherapy. In L. LAbate (Ed.), Distance writing and computer-assisted techniques in psychiatry and mental health (pp. 61-75). Greenwich, CT: Ablex.

Sheese, B. E., Brown, E. L., & Graziano, W. G. (2004). Emotional expression in cyberspace: Searching for moderators of the Pennebaker disclosure effect via email. Health Psychology, 23, 457-464.

Sheffield, D., Duncan, E., Thomson, K., Johal, S. S. (2002). Written emotional expression and well-being: Result from a home-based study. The Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies, 2001. Retrieved May 21, 2004, from http://www.massey.ac.nz/~trauma/issues/2002-1/sheffield.htm

Slatcher, R.B. & Pennebaker, J.W. (in press). How do I love thee? Let me count the words: The social effects of expressive writing. Psychological Science.

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