BIBLIOGRAPHY OF RESEARCH ON ANIMAL PERSONALITY & TEMPERAMENT
Compiled by Samuel D. Gosling and Amanda C. Jones
Animal Personality Institute
This bibliography lists research pertaining to animal personality or temperament. The research ranges from “central” studies that focus on a broad range of behaviors that are consistent over time and across situations to “peripheral” studies that focus on specific behaviors, measured in highly circumscribed situations. Studies also vary in (1) the role played by personality in the research (ranging from studies with personality as their primary focus to those that merely touch on personality-related issues); (2) the species studied (ranging from butterflies to chimpanzees); and (3) the methodological rigor (ranging from large-scale empirical studies to those that are comprised of little more than a few casual observations).
Reviews of the field can be found in Gosling (2001) and Gosling and John (1999). For a review of the dog literature see Jones & Gosling (2005).
Our goal is to maintain this page as a comprehensive resource to which researchers can turn when they wish to know what research has been done on animal personality. If you know of a study that should be included here, please email the full citation (gosling@psy.utexas.edu) and, if possible, please send a copy of the article as a pdf (preferred) or hard copy (Samuel D. Gosling; The University of Texas at Austin; Department of Psychology; 1 University Station A8000; Austin, TX 78712-0187).
Articles (listed alphabetically)
A
Adamec, R. E. (1975). The behavioral bases of prolonged suppression of predatory attack in cats. Aggressive Behavior, 1, 297-314.
Adamec, R. E. (1989). Kindling, anxiety and personality. In
T. G. Bolwig & M. R. Trimble (Eds), The Clinical Relevance Of Kindling (pp.
117-135).
Adamec, R. E., & Stark-Adamec, C. (1985). Kindling and
interictal behavior: an animal model of personality change. Kindling and
clinical psychiatry conference. Psychiatric Journal of the
Adamec, R. E., & Stark-Adamec, C. (1989). Behavioral
inhibition and anxiety: dispositional, developmental, and neural aspects of the
anxious personality of the domestic cat. In J. S. Reznick (Ed.), Perspectives
On Behavioral Inhibition. The John D. And Catherine T. Macarthur Foundation
Series On Mental Health And Development (pp. 93-124),
Adamec, R. E., & Stark-Adamec, C. I. (1983). Partial kindling and emotional bias in the cat: lasting aftereffects of partial kindling of the ventral hippocampus: i. Behavioral changes. Behavioral & Neural Biology, 38, 205-222.
Adamec, R. E., Stark-Adamec, C., & Livingston, K. E. (1983). The expression of an early developmentally emergent defensive bias in the adult domestic cat (felis catus) in non-predatory situations. Applied Animal Ethology, 10, 89-108.
Ader, R., Friedman, S., & Grota, L. J. (1967). "Emotionality" and Adrenal Cortical Function: Effects of Strain, Test, and the 24-Hour Corticosterone Rhythm. Animal Behaviour, 15, 37-44.
Aguilar, R., Escorihuela, R. M., Gil, L., Tobeña, A., & Fernández-Teruel, A. (2002). Differences between two psychogenetically selected lines of rats in a swimming pool matching-to-place task: Long-term effects of infantile stimulation. Behavior Genetics, 32, 127-134.
Aguilar, R., Gil, L., Flint, J., Gray, J. A., Dawson, G. R., Driscoll, P., Giménez-Llort, L., Escorihuela, R. M., Fernández-Teruel, A., & Tobeña, A. (2002). Learned fear, emotional reactivity and fear of heights: A factor analytic map from a large F2 intercross of Roman rat strains. Brain Research Bulletin, 57, 17-26.
Aguilar, R., Gil, L., Gray, J. A., Driscoll, P., Flint, J., Dawson, G. R., Giménez-Llort, L., Escorihuela, R. M., Fernández-Teruel, A., & Tobeña, A. (2003). Fearfulness and sex in F2 Roman rats: Males display more fear though both sexes share the same fearfulness traits. Physiology and Behavior, 6909, 1-10.
Aguilar, R., Gil, L., Tobeña, A., L., Escorihuela, R. M., & Fernández-Teruel, A. (2000). Differential effects of cohort removal stress on acoustic startle response of the Roman/Verh rat strains. Behavior Genetics, 30, 71-75.
Alder, E. M. (1975). Genetic and maternal influences on docility in the skomer vole, clethrionomys glareolus skomerensis. Behavioral Biology, 13, 251-255.
Andersen,
Anderson, M. K., Friend, T. H., Evans, J. W., & Bushong, D. M. (1999). Behavioral assessment of horses in therapeutic riding programs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 63, 11-24.
Anestis, S. F. (2005). Behavioral
style, dominance rank, and urinary cortisol in young chimpanzees (Pan
troglodytes). Behaviour, 142,
1245-1268.
Arave, C. W., Anderson, M. J., & Walters, J. L. (1994). The influence of sometribove dose and days in lactation on behavior of cows implanted with pelleted sometribove. Journal of Dairy Science, 77, 3365-3370.
Archer, J. (1973). Tests for emotionality in rats and mice: A review. Animal Behaviour, 21, 205-235.
Armitage, K. B. (1986a). Individual differences in the behavior of juvenile yellow-bellied marmots. Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology, 18, 419-424.
Armitage, K. B. (1986b). Individuality, social behavior, and
reproductive success in yellow-bellied marmots. Ecology, 67, 1186-1193.
Arnhold, S. (1938). Die psychophysische struktur bei huhnern verschiedener rassen. (The psychophysical structure of poultry of different breeds.). Zeitschrift Fur Psychologie, 144, 1-91.
Aschkenasy-Lelu, P. (1946). The choice of protein foods by
the rat as a function of his nitrogen need. Le choix des aliments proteiques en fonction du besoin azote chez le rat.
Journal de Psychologie Normale et Pathologique, 39, 445-466.
Asher, J. (1987). Born to be shy? Psychology Today, 21, 56-64.
B
Baerends, G. P. (1993). Behavioural organisation and the
evolution of behavioural strategies. Ettore majorana center for scientific
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Banay, Y. (1953). Hapsihologia k'mada reali. (Psychology as real science.). Urim, 11.
Barabasz, B., & Gacek, L. (1999). Welfare of blue foxes
in Finnish studies. Biuletyn
Informacyjny Instytut Zootechniki, 37, 57-63.
Bard, K. A.,
& Gardner, K. H. (1996). Influences on development in infant
chimpanzees: Enculturation, temperament, and cognition. In A. E. Russon, K. A.
Bard, & S T. Parker (Eds.), Reaching into thought: The minds of the great
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Barkow, J. H., Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (1992). The
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Barratt, D. G. (1997). Home range size, habitat utilisation and movement patterns of suburban and farm cats Felis catus. Ecography, 20, 271-280.
Battig, K., & And Others. (1982). Spontane lokomotion in
tunnelabyrinthen und psychobiologische konstitution bei der ratte. /
Spontaneous locomotion in tunnel labyrinths and psychobiological constitution
of the rat. Psychologie - Schweizerische
Zeitschrift Fur Psychologie Und Ihre Anwendungen, 41, 189-202.
Baumel, I., Defeo, J. J., & Lal, H. (1970). Alterations in Brain Sensitivity and Barbiturate Metabolism Unrelated To Aggression in Socially Deprived Mice. Psychopharmacologia, 18, 320-324.
Beach, F. A. (1950). The Snark was a Boojum. American Psychologist, 5, 115-124.
Beach, F. A. (1953). Animal research and psychiatric theory. Psychosomatic Medicine, 15, 374-389.
Beach, F. A. (1960). Experimental investigations of species-specific behavior. American Psychologist, 15, 1-18.
Beauchamp, G. (2000). Individual differences in activity and exploration influence leadership in pairs of foraging zebra finches. Behaviour, 137, 301-314.
Beauchamp, G. (2001). Consistency and flexibility in the scrounging behaviour of zebra finches. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 79, 540-544.
Beaudet, R., Chalifoux, A., & Dallaire, A.. (1994). Predictive value of activity level and behavioral evaluation on future dominance in puppies. Applied Animal Behavior Science, 40, 273-284.
Becker, B. G. & Lobato, J. F. P. (1997). Effect of gentle handling on the reactivity of zebu crossed calves to humans. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 53, 219-224.
Becker, G., & Flaherty, T. B. (1966). Effects of postweaning tactual stimulation on emotionality and social dominance in the rat. Psychological Reports, 19, 363-366.
Benus, R. F., & Röndigs, M. (1997). The influence of the postnatal maternal environment in accounting for differences in aggression and behavioural strategies in mus domesticus. Behaviour, 134, 623-641.
Bertani, C., & Bracchi, P. G. (1999). Dog’s aggressiveness towards man: Diagnostic methods and preventive suggestions. Annali della Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Parma, 19, 57-80.
Berton, O., Ramos, A., Chaouloff, F. & Mormède, P. (1997). Behavioral reactivity to social and nonsocial stimulations: a multivariate analysis on six inbred rat strains. Behavior Genetics, 27, 155-166.
Best, J. B. (1963). Protopsychology. Scientific American, 208, 54-75.
Bierens De Haan, J. A. (1940). Die tierischen Instinkte und ihr Umbau durch
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instincts and their modification through experience; an introduction to general
animal psychology.).
Billingslea, F. Y. (1940). The relationship between emotionality, activity, curiosity, persistence and weight in the male rat. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 29, 315-325.
Billingslea, F. Y. (1941). The relationship between emotionality and various other salients of behavior in the rat. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 31, 69-77.
Billingslea, F. Y. (1942). Intercorrelational analysis of certain behavior salients in the rat. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 34, 203-211.
Blake, J. A., Eppig, J. T., Richardson, J. E., Davisson, M. T., & the Mouse Genome Database Group (2000). The Mouse Genome Database (MGD): expanding genetic and genomic resources for the laboratory mouse. Nucleic Acids Research, 28, 108-111.
Blanchard, R. J., Flannelly, K. J., & Blanchard, D. C. (1986). Defensive behaviors of laboratory and wild Rattus norvegicus. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 100, 101-107.
Bliss, E. L., Wilson, V. B., &Zwanziger, J. (1966). Changes in Brain Norepinephrine in Self-Stimulating and "aversive" Animals. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 4, 59-63.
Blumstein, D. T., Runyan, A.,
Boccia, M. L., Laudenslager, M. L., & Reite, M. L. (1994). Intrinsic and extrinsic factors affect infant responses to maternal separation. Psychiatry: Interpersonal & Biological Processes, 57, 43-50.
Boissy, A. (1995). Fear and fearfulness in animals. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 70, 165-191.
Boissy, A., & Bouissou, M. F. (1988). Effects of early handling on heifer’s subsequent reactivity to humans and to unfamiliar situations. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 20, 259-273.
Boissy, A., & Bouissou, M. F. (1995). Assessment of individual differences in behavioral reactions of heifers exposed to various fear-eliciting situations. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 46, 17-31.
Bolig, R., Price, C. S., O’Neill, P. L., & Suomi, S. J. (1992). Subjective assessment of reactivity level and personality traits of rhesus monkeys. International Journal of Primatology, 13, 287-306.
Bonavita-Cougourdan, A., & Morel, L. (1988). Interindividual variability and idiosyncrasy in social behaviors in the ant Camponotus vagus Scop. Ethology, 77, 58-66.
Both, C., Dingemanse, N. J., Drent, P. j., & Tingbergen, J. M. (2005). Pairs of extreme avian personalities have highest reproductive success, Journal of Animal Ecology, 74, 667-674.
Bouchard, T. J., & Loehlin, J. C. (2001). Genes, evolution, and personality. Behavior Genetics, 31, 243-273.
Bowlby, J. (1976). Human personality development in an
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Bradshaw, J. W. S., & Cook, S. E. (1996). Patterns of pet cat behaviour at feeding occasions. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 47, 61-74.
Bradshaw, J. W. S., & Goodwin, D. (1998). Determination
of behavioural traits of pure-bred dogs using factor analysis and cluster
analysis; a comparison of studies in the
Broadhurst, P. L. (1973). Animal studies bearing on abnormal
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Broadhurst, P. L. (1975). The Maudsley reactive and non-reative strains of rats: A survey. Behavior Genetics, 5, 299-319.
Brodie, E. D., III. (1993). Consistency of individual differences in anti-predator behaviour and colour pattern in the garter snake, Thamnophis ordinoides. Animal Behaviour, 45, 851-861.
Brooks, D. R., & McLennan, D. A. (1991) Phylogeny,
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Brown, C., Jones, F., &
Braithwaite, V. (2005). In situ examination of boldness-shyness traits in the
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Budaev, S. V. (1997). "Personality" in the guppy
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Budaev, S. V. (1997). Alternative styles in the European wrasse, Symphodus ocellatus: boldness-related schooling tendency. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 49, 71-78.
Budaev, S. V. (1997). The dimensions of personality in
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Budaev, S. V. (1998). How many dimensions are needed to describe temperament in animals: A factor reanalysis of two data sets. International Journal of Comparative Psychology, 11, 17-29.
Budaev, S. V. (2000). The dimensions of personality in
humans and other animals: A comparative and evolutionary perspective.
Manuscript submitted for publication. Russian
Budaev, S. V., & Zhuikov, A. Y. (1998). Avoidance learning and "personality" in the guppy (poecilia reticulata). Journal Of Comparative Psychology, 112, 92-94.
Budaev, S. V., Zworykin,
Budaev, S. V., Zworykin,
Buddington, R. W., King, F. A., & Roberts, L. (1967). Emotionality and Conditioned Avoidance Responding in the Squirrel Monkey Following Septal Injury. Psychonomic Science, 8, 195-196.
Buirski, P., & Plutchik, R. (1991). Measurement of deviant behavior in a Gombe chimpanzee: Relation to later behavior. Primates, 32, 207-211.
Buirski, P., Kellerman, H., Plutchik, R., Weninger, R., & Buirski, N. (1973). A field study of emotions, dominance, and social behavior in a group of baboons (Papio anubis). Primates, 14, 67-78.
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Burrow, H. M. (1998). The effects of inbreeding on productive and adaptive traits and temperament of tropical beef cattle. Livestock Production Science, 55, 227-243.
Burrow, H. M., & Dillon, R. D. (1997). Relationships between temperament and growth in a feedlot and commercial carcass traits of bos indicus crossbreds. Australian Journal Of Experimental Agriculture, 37, 407-411.
Buss, A. H. (1988). Personality: Evolutionary heritage and
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Buss, D. M. (1984). Evolutionary biology and personality psychology: Toward a conception of human nature and individual differences. American Psychologist, 39, 1135-1147.
Buss, D. M., & Greiling, H. (1999). Adaptive individual differences. Journal of Personality, 67, 209-243.
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C
Caine, N. G., Earle, H., & Reite, M. (1983). Personality traits of adolescent pig-tailed monkeys (macaca nemestrina): an analysis of social rank and early separation experience. American Journal Of Primatology, 4, 253-260.
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Capitanio, J. P. (2002). Sociability and responses to video playbacks in adult male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), Primates, 43, 169-177.
Capitanio, J. P., Mendoza, S. P., & Bentson, K. L. (2004). Personality characteristics and basal cortisol concentrations in adult male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Psychoneuroendocrinology, 29, 1300-1308.
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Carere, C. (2003). Personalities as epigenetic suites of
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D
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