WARNING: The correct answers are NOT at the end of
this exam. You will have to figure out
the answers yourself.
1. According to lecture, which of the following is true about our class’s level of happiness?
A. About half of the students in our class are happy, and half are unhappy.
B. Students in our class are less happy than the general public.
C. Most students in our class are happy.
D. The men in our class are happier than the women.
2. The Big Five personality dimensions were discovered by:
A. Freud, Jung, Adler, Maslow, and Rogers
B. Correlating behavior with five basic neurotransmitters
C. Examining how personality traits are correlated with one another
D. Researchers using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
3.
A. Nutrition.
B. Initiative modeling.
D. The pleasure of eating.
4. According to lecture, although experts differ in their understanding of hypnotism, most agree that hypnotism can be effectively used to:
A. Elicit testimony about a “forgotten” event
B. Re-create experiences from past lives
C. Relieve pain
D. Alter personality
5. According to the book, which approach to personality emphasizes the importance of unconditional positive regard?
A. The Freudian appraoch
B. The trait approach
C. The cognitive approach
D. The humanistic approach
6. The personality dimension of Conscientiousness, as identified by the Big Five model of personality, includes which of the following characteristics?
A. Curious, creative, imaginative.
B. Social, assertive, active.
C. Trustworthy, compassionate, cooperative.
D. Dutiful, achievement-oriented, disciplined.
7. According to lecture, how is physical attractiveness related to happiness?
A. More physically attractive people are happier than less attractive people..
B. More physically attractive people are happier than less attractive people before they get married, but less happy after they get married.
C. People’s perceptions of how physically attractive they are is a better predictor of happiness than actual attractiveness.
D. Less physically attractive people are happier than more attractive people because they don’t have to worry about why people like them.
8. According to the book, which is true of pessimists and optimists?
A. Pessimists tend to perform better on exams than optimists.
B. Optimists tend to perform better on exams than pessimists.
C. Pessimists and optimists tend to perform similarly on exams.
D. Optimists perform worse than pessimists on exams, but they are more satisfied with their scores.
9. According to lecture, which of the following is a possible explanation for why Extraverts are happier than Introverts?
A. Extraverts make more money than Introverts.
B. Extraverts are more sensitive to rewards and positive stimuli than Introverts.
C. Society values Extraversion more than Introversion.
D. Both B and C.
10. According to the book, what evidence supports the theory that sleep helps learning?
A. Students have more REM sleep during exam periods, when they are probably consolidating information.
B. Infants and the young sleep more than older people.
C. The dogs in Pavlov’s learning experiments slept more than normal dogs.
D. Both A and B.
11. According to lecture, music preferences are related to:
A. Personality
B. Movie preferences
C. Lifestyle
D. All of the above
12. According to the book, a child with avoidant attachment will be:
A. Distressed when attachment figure leaves, happy when attachment figure returns.
B. Not distressed when attachment figure leaves, ignores attachment figure upon return.
C. Always distressed, whether attachment figure is present or not.
D. More likely to smile than a child with secure attachment.
13. According to the book, all of the following are examples of circadian rhythms EXCEPT:
A. Happiness levels
B. Hormone levels
C. Sleep-wake cycles
D. Body temperature
14. According to lecture, what is the relationship between Positive Affect (PA) and Negative Affect (NA)?
A. PA is negatively related to NA – people high in PA tend to be low in NA.
B. PA is positively related to NA – people high in PA tend to be high in NA.
C. PA and NA are unrelated.
D. It depends on a person’s birth order.
15. According to Freud’s structural model of personality, which of the following is true of the ego?
A. It operates according to the pleasure principle.
B. It is the internalization of social and parental standards of conduct.
C. It mediates between the superego and the id.
D. It is driven only by sex and aggression.
16. According to lecture, when Martin Orne investigated the case of Kenneth Bianchi (the “Hillside Strangler”), he showed that:
A. Bianchi’s murdering was ultimately caused by sleep deprivation.
B. Bianchi had multiple-personality disorder (MPD).
C. Bianchi was pretending to be deprived of sleep.
D. Bianchi was pretending to have multiple-personality disorder (MPD).
17. According to the book, the “Sam Stone” study showed that:
A. Children’s memories were not biased by either suggestive questioning or stereotypes from adults.
B. Children’s memories were biased by suggestive questioning, but not by stereotypes.
C. Children’s memories were biased by both suggestive questioning and by stereotypes.
D. Children as young as 2 years old had a strong sense of their gender identity.
18. In personality research, psychologists make a distinction between the idiographic approach and the nomothetic approach. These two approaches can be characterized as and respectively.
A. Behavioral; Psychoanalytic
B. Behavioral; Client centered
C. Variable centered; Client centered
D. Person centered; Variable centered
19. According to lecture, the _________ method compares people of different ages at the same time, whereas the ________ method assesses one group of people over time.
A. Idiographic; nomothetic
B. Nomothetic; idiographic
C. Longitudinal; cross-sectional
D. Cross-sectional; longitudinal
20. According to lecture, what is the relationship between income and happiness?
A. Having a lot of money doesn’t make people happier than having an average amount.
B. People with very little money (below the poverty level) are less happy than others.
C. As the
D. All of the above.
21. According to the book, why is REM sleep sometimes called paradoxical sleep?
A. Because people’s dreams during REM sleep are often illogical.
B. Because the more REM sleep people get, the worse they feel when they wake up.
C. Because the body is very still but the brain is very active.
D. Because it was first discovered by Franz Paradoxy
22. According to the book, _______ measures of personality assess unconscious processes, whereas ______ measures of personality are straightforward assessments usually measured with questionnaires.
A. Projective; objective
B. Objective; projective
C. Nomothetic; idiographic
D. Idiographic; nomothetic
23. According to lecture, when you all rated each other in your groups on the first day of class, which personality trait(s) were you able to judge accurately?
A. Openness to Experience
B. Agreeableness
C. Extraversion
D. All of the above
24. According to the book, how do men’s and women’s friendship differ?
A. Women are more likely than men to disclose personal information to their friends.
B. Men are more likely to spend time in pairs, whereas women are more likely to spend time in groups.
C. Men spend more time with their friends than women.
D. Men are more likely to have physical contact (i.e., touch) with their male friends than women.
25. According to lecture, Machiavellianism is a personality trait characterized by:
A. An instrumental style of behaving (being practical and uncaring).
B. A manipulative style of behaving with others.
C. A belief that ends justify the means.
D. All of the above.
26. According to Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, moral reasoning should be evaluated according to the:
B. Decision itself, not the reasons behind it.
C. Age of the child, not the education level
D. Education level, not the age of the child.
27. According to the book, Eysenck proposed that the major difference between extraverts and introverts is that:
A. Extraverts are higher self-monitors than introverts.
B. Introverts are higher self-monitors than extraverts.
C. Extraverts are chronically underaroused, whereas introverts are chronically overaroused.
D. Extraverts are chronically overaroused, whereas introverts are chronically underaroused.
28. According to the video shown in class, when the Swiss
artist, Francesco, cut his daily amount of sleep from
A. Francesco showed an immediate drop in cognitive ability from which he never recovered until his sleep debt was repaid.
B. At first Francesco showed a severe drop in cognitive ability but after a few weeks he adapted and by the end of the experiment he was back to normal.
C. Francesco spent the vast majority of his sleep in REM sleep.
D. The percentages of sleep allocated to fast-wave,
slow-wave and REM sleep remained remarkably stable.
29. According to lecture, which of the following combinations of Blirtatiousness is known as the “precarious couple”?
A. A High Blirt woman with a Low Blirt man
B. A Low Blirt woman with a High Blirt man
C. A High Blirt woman with a High Blirt man
D. A Low Blirt woman with a Low Blirt man
30. According to lecture, what method is usually used to measure people’s well-being?
A. Self-report data
B. Test data.
C. Life outcome data
D. Act data
31. According to the book, Sam Gosling’s research on personality in animals found that:
A. Personality cannot be reliably measured in animals.
B. Animals do not show individual differences in Agreeableness.
C. Only household pets have personalities, not wild animals.
D. Chimpanzees and humans are the only species that show individual differences in Conscientiousness.
32. In their attempts to identify good candidates for work behind enemy lines, the Office of Strategic Services (OSS):
A. Developed a multi-method approach to
personality assessment.
B. Discovered the Big Five Personality Dimensions.
C. Developed projective-tests.
D. Developed the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire.
33. According to lecture, which of the following is true of self-esteem?
A. Self-esteem increases during adolescence.
B. Self-esteem decreases during middle adulthood (30-60 years old).
C. Males generally have higher self-esteem than females.
D. All of the above.
34. According to the book, which of the following is true of personality change?
A. People’s personality changes drastically around age 50.
B. People become more conscientious as they get older.
C. Firstborn children are more likely to undergo personality change in late adulthood.
D. All of the above.
35. According to Piaget, ___________ is the process by which a person absorbs new ideas and experiences and incorporates them into existing mental structures.
A. Assimilation.
B. Accommodation.
C. Equilibration.
D. Conservation.
36. According to the book, which of the following functions is affected when someone is sleep deprived for two or three days?
A. Physical strength
B. Cognitive performance on complex tasks
C. Performance on boring or mundane tasks
D. Both A and B
37. According to lecture, which of the following increases with age?
A. Nonverbal IQ
B. Sense of smell
C. Crystallized intelligence
D. Fluid intelligence
38. Which of the following findings supports the notion that personality is influenced by genes?
A. People behave differently in different situations.
B. Identical twins have more similar personalities than fraternal twins.
C. Birth order (being born first, middle, or last) influences personality.
D. Both A and B.
39. According to lecture and the book, researcher Sandra Bem argues that being androgynous can be advantageous because:
A. Androgynous people have a more developed gender identity.
B. Androgynous people have more flexibility in their social behavior.
C. Androgynous people have more friends.
D. Androgynous people tend to be happier.
40. According to lecture, which of the following has been cited as evidence AGAINST the idea that hypnosis helps people recall very early childhood memories by regressing to childhood?
A. The details recalled by subjects are often inaccurate
B. Subjects don’t draw like children actually draw, but as adults imagine children draw.
C. Subjects can just as easily be made to “grow older”.
D. All of the above.
41. A psychologist wants to know how friendly Bob
is so she decides to ask Bob’s friends and neighbors how friendly they think
Bob is. According to lecture, this kind
of data is called:
A. L-data: Life outcomes data
B. O-data: Observer data
C. T-data: Test situation
D. A-data: Act data (everyday behaviors)
42. Eight-month old David picked up his mother’s keys one day. David’s mother took the keys and put them under a rug. David immediately lifted the rug up and grabbed the keys. This evidence demonstrates that David has:
A. Developed the concept of conservation.
B. Not developed the concept of conservation.
C. Developed the concept of object permanence.
D. Not developed the concept of object permanence.
43. According to lecture, which of the following
is true about happiness and life satisfaction?
A. Adults are more satisfied with life than
children
B. People are happiest during adolescence
C. Old people are the least satisfied with life
D. Life satisfaction does not vary much over the life span
44. According to the book, drugs that increase levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin (such as Prozac) have what affect on personality?
A. They make people more extraverted.
B. They make people more open to new experiences.
C. They make people more neurotic.
D. They do not affect personality.
45. According to the book, what has been found by researchers comparing day care to maternal care?
A. Children attending day care grow up to have higher IQs than children not attending day care.
B. Children attending day care are more likely to be insecurely attached than children not attending day care.
C. Children attending day care grow up with more social skills than children not attending day care.
D. There are no significant differences between children attending day care and children not attending day care.