Psy 301 (Introduction to Psychology)
Fall 2004 FORM A
1. _______ studies sample one group of people repeatedly over time, while ______
studies sample groups of people of different ages at the same point in time.
a) Sequential; longitudinal
b) Longitudinal; cross-sectional
c) Cross-sectional; sequential
d) Longitudinal; sequential
2. According to the book, which of the following functions is affected when someone is
sleep deprived for two or three days?
a) Physical strength
b) Cognitive performance on complex tasks
c) Performance on boring or mundane tasks
d) Both A and B
3. According to the book, how do men’s and women’s friendship differ?
a) Women are more likely than men to disclose personal information to their
friends.
b) Men are more likely to spend time in pairs, whereas women are more likely to
spend time in groups.
c) Men spend more time with their friends than women.
d) Men are more likely to have physical contact (i.e., touch) with their male
friends than women.
4. As discussed in lecture, which of the following best summarizes the research on
and cloth mother?
a) The need for comfort and security is not just a human phenomenon.
b) It appears that the need for comfort and protection are equally or more important than the need for food.
c) Young monkeys preferred the cloth monkey over the wire monkey.
d) All of the above.
5. A psychologist wants to know how friendly Bob
is so she decides to ask Bob’s
friends and neighbors how friendly they
think Bob is. According to lecture, this
kind
of data is called:
a) L-data: Life outcomes data
b) O-data: Observer data
c) T-data: Test situation
d) A-data: Act data (everyday
behaviors)
6. According to the book, why is REM sleep sometimes called paradoxical sleep?
a) Because people’s dreams during REM sleep are often illogical.
b) Because the more REM sleep people get, the worse they feel when they wake
up.
c) Because the body is very still but the brain is very active.
d) Because it was first discovered by Franz Paradoxy.
7. Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding Piaget’s theory of cognitive
development as discussed in lecture?
a) His theory was a continuous theory of development across the entire lifespan.
b) He focused on developmental crises which must be resolved throughout development.
c) His theory has clear ideas regarding the mechanism of developmental change.
d) His theory tends to underestimate children’s abilities.
8. Which of the following traits best describes someone who is inquisitive and inventive?
a) Openness to experience
b) Conscientiousness
c) Agreeableness
d) Neuroticism
9. Ben has a pet dog, a beagle. He goes to his friend’s house who has a pet German
shepard. If Ben is able to apply the idea that a German shepard is also a dog to his
existing schema of dog, he is showing:
a) Accommodation
b) Assimilation
c) Habituation
d) Object permanence
10. The main point of the video shown in class about monkey temperaments was that:
a) Monkey temperaments develop over time and can be assessed for the first time
around 1 year of age.
b) The temperament of the caregiver can affect and change an infant's
temperament.
c) Monkey temperament seems stable and permanent.
d) Monkey temperament appears to be mainly due to genetic factors.
11. ______ is the term used to describe differences between males and females due to
culture and society, and ______ is the term used to describe differences due to
biology.
a) Sex; gender
b) Gender; sex
c) Sex; gender roles
d) Gender roles; sex
12. Which of the following sleep theories proposes that sleep is essential because it
decreases our activity when there is the greatest chance of danger?
a) Restorative theory
b) Circadian rhythm theory
c) Facilitative learning theory
d) Social threat theory
13. Which of the following statements best describes the concept of theory of mind?
a) It deals with infants’ abilities to understand object permanence.
b) It seeks to understand how young children infer the mental states of others.
c) It explains how young children and infants develop cognitive abilities, such as
addition and subtraction.
d) It is based on the theory that infants are born with certain mental abilities.
14. According to the book, a young boy who believes he can only play with toy trucks:
a) Lacks a gender schema.
b) Understands the concept of sex, but not gender.
c) Has elevated levels of testosterone.
d) Is sex-typed.
15. According to lecture, which of the following is NOT an important component of
personality?
a) Stability over time
b) Consistency across situations
c) Presence at birth
d) A characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving
16. According to Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, moral reasoning should be
evaluated according to the:
a) Reasons behind the decision, not the decision itself.
b) Decision itself, not the reasons behind it.
c) Age of the child, not the education level
d) Education level, not the age of the child.
17. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding larks and owls?
a) Larks prefer to sleep late, while owls prefer to get up early.
b) A person’s tendency to be a lark or owl appears to be due to genetics.
c) Extreme larks are more common than extreme owls.
d) Larks tend to be more efficient employees than owls.
18. The technique used to study infant cognition in which infants are shown a stimulus
repeatedly until they are “bored” is called:
a) Preferential looking
b) Habituation
c) Orienting
d) Observation
19. Which of the following best describes the activation-synthesis hypothesis of
dreaming?
a) Dreams have both manifest and latent content.
b) Dreams allow us to practice coping skills.
c) Dreams are triggered by neurons in the pons.
d) Dreams result in activation of series of motor responses.
20. According to lecture, which of the following forms of attachment describes an infant
who does not venture far from the mother, gets upset when the mother is not around,
and stays upset even when the mother returns?
a) Secure attachment
b) Avoidant attachment
c) Anxious resistant attachment
d) Disorganized attachment
21. Which of the following statements about the factor analytic approach to personality
is FALSE?
a) Its goal is to reduce many possible descriptors of personality down to a few
key dimensions.
b) It determines traits which appear to be conceptually similar based upon
correlations among different traits.
c) It is a theoretical system for describing personality factors in humans.
d) It is a statistical tool used in the development of the “Big Five” personality
dimensions.
22. In class, a video was shown in which researchers studied people’s behaviors towards
male and female infants. Which of the following is the best conclusion based upon
this research?
a) Gender is due to both nature and nurture.
b) People tend to treat infants differently based upon their gender.
c) Female infants are encouraged to engage in active play more than males.
d) Both A and B
23. According to McAdams’ system for describing personality at different levels, at
which of the following levels is personality integrated into an individual’s sense of
his/her past and future?
a) Level 1: Dispositional traits
b) Level 2: Personal concerns
c) Level 3: Identity
d) Level 4: Integrity
24. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding personality and music
preferences?
a) Personality traits are related to an individual’s music preferences, and our
stereotypes regarding these traits sometimes match up correctly.
b) Personality traits are related to an individual’s music preferences, but our
stereotypes regarding these traits are not very accurate at all.
c) Personality traits are unrelated to an individual’s music preferences, but we
still tend to stereotype people’s personalities based on these preferences.
d) There are two major dimensions of music preferences (loud/angry and
happy/energetic).
25. Which of the following best describes the visual acuity of infants?
a) Newborn infants have good visual acuity (similar to that of adults).
b) Infants tend to prefer patches of gray over patterns of black and white stripes
because it’s easier to see.
c) Visual acuity improves as both the visual cortex and cones in the retina
develop.
d) Both A and B
26. You walk into your friend’s dorm room for the first time and it’s a total mess. What
can you most likely assess from this situation given what you’ve learned from
lecture?
a) You need more information before any judgments can be made.
b) Your friend’s room can provide some clues to her personality.
c) You can probably tell a little about your friend’s personality, but not as much
as you could from your first face-to-face encounter with her.
d) Your friend is high on neuroticism.
27. According to the book, which of the following statements is FALSE regarding
research on infants’ abilities?
a) Infants seem to have innate knowledge about physics, such as objects move
along continuous trajectories.
b) Young infants appear to be able to do simple math problems such as addition
and subtraction.
c) According to Baillergeon, infants appear to have innate mechanisms which
lead to infants’ abilities to reason about objects.
d) Infants will view an object “floating” in midair as “possible” because they lack
the concept of object stability.
28. Imagine meeting a person briefly for the first time on campus. Based on the material
presented in lecture, which of the following aspects of personality are you most
likely to correctly infer from this brief encounter?
a) Openness to experience
b) Extraversion
c) Agreeableness
d) Neuroticism
29. A friend of yours is always blaming other people and circumstances for his poor
grades in class. For example, one time he told you, “I can never pass a test because
there’s never enough time to finish one.” He could be described as:
a) Having an external locus of control.
b) Being high on conscientiousness.
c) Acting in anal-retentive ways.
d) Demonstrating the Flynn effect.
30. According to lecture, although experts differ in their understanding of hypnotism,
most agree that hypnotism can be effectively used to:
a) Elicit testimony about a “forgotten” event.
b) Re-create experiences from past lives.
c) Relieve pain.
d) Alter personality.
31. Suppose you signed up for a research study and the researcher shows you a series of
obscure pictures and asks you to write down your reactions to each picture. You
later find out that this study was testing personality differences among college
students. This is an example of which type of measure?
a) Projective
b) Objective
c) Descriptive
d) Intuitive
32. According to the book, what does research tell us about the stability of temperaments
over time?
a) There is evidence to suggest that temperament has no effect on later
personality.
b) There is evidence to suggest that temperament only has a small to medium
effect on adult personalities.
c) There is evidence to suggest that temperament has a lasting effect and can
predict adult personalities.
d) There is evidence to suggest that temperament has a short-term effect and can
predict later childhood personalities, but not adult personalities.
33. Eight-month old David picked up his mother’s keys one day. David’s mother took
the keys and put them under a rug. David immediately lifted the rug up and grabbed
the keys. This evidence demonstrates that David has:
a) Developed the concept of conservation.
b) Not developed the concept of conservation.
c) Developed the concept of object permanence.
d) Not developed the concept of object permanence.
34. According to Freud’s structural model of personality, which of the following is true
of the ego?
a) It operates according to the pleasure principle.
b) It is the internalization of social and parental standards of conduct.
c) It mediates between the superego and the id.
d) It is driven only by sex and aggression.
35. According to Gottman’s research, which of the following types of people are
children LEAST likely to become friends with?
a) Someone who lives in their neighborhood.
b) Someone who likes to play the same games.
c) Someone who is easy to talk to.
d) Someone who can easily resolve conflict.
36. According to the book and lecture, Sam Gosling’s research on personality in animals
found that:
a) Personality cannot be reliably measured in animals.
b) Animals do not show individual differences in agreeableness.
c) Only household pets have personalities, not wild animals.
d) Chimpanzees and humans are the only species that show individual differences
in conscientiousness.
37. According to the video shown in class, when the Swiss artist, Francesco, cut his daily
amount of sleep from 8 to 3 hours distributed over 6 half-hour naps:
a) Francesco showed an immediate drop in cognitive ability from which he never
recovered until his sleep debt was repaid.
b) At first Francesco showed a severe drop in cognitive ability, but after a few
weeks he adapted and by the end of the experiment he was back to normal.
c) Francesco spent the vast majority of his sleep in REM sleep.
d)
The percentages of sleep
allocated to fast-wave, slow-wave and REM sleep
remained remarkably stable.
38. According to the book, which of the following is true of personality change?
a) People’s personality changes drastically around age 50.
b) People become more conscientious as they get older.
c) Firstborn children are more likely to undergo personality change in late
adulthood.
d) All of the above.
39. According to Marcia’s model of identity, identity formation involves which two
dimensions?
a) Diffusion and achievement
b) Confusion and inferiority
c) Achievement and foreclosure
d) Crisis and commitment
40. According to lecture, when Martin Orne investigated the case of Kenneth Bianchi
(the “Hillside Strangler”), he showed that:
a) Bianchi’s murdering was ultimately caused by sleep deprivation.
b) Bianchi had multiple-personality disorder (MPD).
c) Bianchi was pretending to be deprived of sleep.
d) Bianchi was pretending to have multiple-personality disorder (MPD).
41. According to the book, Eysenck proposed that the major difference between
extraverts and introverts is that:
a) Extraverts are higher self-monitors than introverts.
b) Introverts are higher self-monitors than extraverts.
c) Extraverts are chronically underaroused, whereas introverts are chronically
overaroused.
d) Extraverts are chronically overaroused, whereas introverts are chronically
underaroused.
42. According to lecture, which of the following has been cited as evidence AGAINST
the idea that hypnosis helps people recall very early childhood memories by
regressing to childhood?
a) The details recalled by subjects are often inaccurate.
b) Subjects don’t draw like children actually draw, but as adults imagine children
draw.
c) Subjects can just as easily be made to “grow older”.
d) All of the above.
43. According to the book, drugs that increase levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin
(such as Prozac) have what affect on personality?
a) They make people more extraverted.
b) They make people more open to new experiences.
c) They make people more neurotic.
d) They do not affect personality.
44. According to the book, which approach to personality emphasizes the importance of
unconditional positive regard?
a) The Freudian approach
b) The trait approach
c) The cognitive approach
d) The humanistic approach
45. Group socialization theory states that:
a) Peer groups and parents have complementary roles in social development.
b) Peer groups are the key component in social development.
c) Children learn one set of behaviors for social contexts and another set of
behaviors for the home.
d) Social development results from interactions with peers which is then
modified by rules set by the parents.
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question |
exam4 |
|
1 |
b |
|
2 |
c |
|
3 |
a |
|
4 |
d |
|
5 |
b |
|
6 |
c |
|
7 |
d |
|
8 |
a |
|
9 |
b |
|
10 |
b |
|
11 |
b |
|
12 |
b |
|
13 |
b |
|
14 |
d |
|
15 |
c |
|
16 |
a |
|
17 |
b |
|
18 |
b |
|
19 |
c |
|
20 |
c |
|
21 |
c |
|
22 |
d |
|
23 |
c |
|
24 |
a |
|
25 |
c |
|
26 |
b |
|
27 |
d |
|
28 |
b |
|
29 |
a |
|
30 |
c |
|
31 |
a |
|
32 |
c |
|
33 |
c |
|
34 |
c |
|
35 |
a |
|
36 |
d |
|
37 |
d |
|
38 |
b |
|
39 |
d |
|
40 |
d |
|
41 |
c |
|
42 |
d |
|
43 |
a |
|
44 |
d |
|
45 |
c |