Introductory
Psychology – Test 4
1.
Which of the
following is not a way to maximize the likelihood that a person will show
complete obedience in a situation like that in Stanley Milgram’s classic
obedience study?
a.
Hold the study in
a highly respected research institution
b.
Put the
experimenter (who gives commands) in a different room so that it is clear the
experimenter is not worried about the situation
c.
Put the person
being shocked in another room, away from the participant
d.
Put the experimenter
(who gives commands) very close to the participant
e.
Have the
participant work with a confederate (who works for the experimenter) who is
perfectly comfortable continuing to shock the learner
2. Dante's Inferno, stigmatization, and historical
acts against traitors all suggest that humans have
a. contempt for those who violate ingroup reciprocity
norms.
b. a strong need to belong, regardless of the
consequences.
c. a deep need to punish others.
d. a self-enhancement motive.
e. a fundamental need to create stories to explain their
past brutality towards others.
3. What is paradoxical about children with ADHD?
a. Their behaviors appear to be understimulated, but
their brains are overstimulated.
b. Their behaviors seem malicious, but their intent is
often harmless
c. Their behaviors appear to be overstimulated, but their
brains are understimulated.
d. Their left cerebral hemisphere is associated with
language and thoughts, but their right hemisphere is associated more with
emotions.
e. Their behaviors are disorganized, but patients crave
order.
4. According to research, which of the following is the
best way to maintain a romantic relationship?
a. Exaggerate your partner's good qualities.
b. See your partner in a realistic light.
c. Avoid conflict whenever you can.
d. Acknowledge your partner's weaknesses.
e. Attribute your partner's positive emotions to
circumstance.
5.
True or
False: When you find yourself focusing a
lot on a stressor in your environment, you should try to stop thinking about
it.
a.
False – this type
of thought stopping doesn’t often work and may backfire so you end up thinking
about the stressor even more often.
b.
Trulse – this
only works if you have Vulcan mind control abilities.
c.
True – you can
easily direct your attention to something positive in the environment, so you
can improve your mood which will decrease your stress level.
d.
True – such
thought management is a method of controlling attention and interrupting the
stress cycle
e.
False – thought
stopping is highly effective, but avoiding a stressor is not a good way to deal
with the stressor.
6.
LaQuanta met a
boy named Ryan at her sorority party last weekend. They were both
chemistry majors and interested in going to medical school. She found out
that they both liked to play soccer and listened to similar types of
music. Does psychology research show that these two would be compatible?
a.
Yes,
relationships tend to work better when people are similar because they enjoy
similar things.
b.
No, people who
are too similar tend to get bored with each other. Opposites attract.
c.
Yes, although
relationships work better in the short term when people are opposites, long
term relationships work best between people who are similar.
d.
Maybe,
relationship satisfaction is not a topic studied in psychology.
e.
No, relationships
work well in the short term when people are similar, but long term
relationships are best for people who are opposite.
7. In
a. No. Cold weather slows people down and reduces
the intensity of any punishment. If you want people to learn more effectively,
more severe punishment (such as happens in hot weather) is far more efficient.
b. No. People are more likely to be rehabilitated if
they are closer to home and have access to their families
c. Yes. Going to someplace with such extreme
temperatures is like a massive shock – much like a car accident or
electro-convulsive shock treatment (ECT).
The move will make the prisoners more quiet and happy.
d. Montesquieu
noted that when people moved, they often became more inwardly angry. Their behavior might improve but their
internal emotions would get worse.
e. Yes. According to Montesquieu, cold weather makes
people more emotionally inhibited and less expressive. The prisoners should be better behaved in
cold temperatures than in warm temperatures.
8. Why do people seek out others who are similar to them
when they are anxious?
a. in fact, most people actively avoid others when they
are anxious and only seek out people when they are calm
b. to socially compare their feelings to better evaluate
their own emotions
c. to try to reduce their friends’ anxiety levels
d. birds of a feather flock together: it is just genetic
e. because of group polarization – anxiety causes people
to see the world in a more polarized way
9.
You have been invited
to a holiday party at your cousin Joachim’s who happens to live in
a.
Guido who spends
the entire time alone mumbling and scratching his left ear while occasionally
laughing hysterically
b.
Carlos who
frequently goes to the bar, talks loudly, and orders the most expensive drinks
available
c.
Mabel who tends
to stand in the same place with different people coming to talk with her
d.
Illiana who walks
from group to group and talks with a large number of people who she clearly
recognizes
e.
Jax, who stands
by the door, introduces himself to everyone who enters the room
10. A major goal of psychoanalysis is to
a. encourage interpersonal relationships.
b. help control unwanted thoughts.
c. remember one's dreams.
d. reduce depression and anxiety.
e.
increase
awareness of the effects of unconscious thoughts.
11. From the perspective of the reflected appraisal theory,
when a parent makes disparaging comments to a child, the child is likely to
a. have a narrative sense of self.
b. have frontal lobe damage.
c. have an interdependent self-concept.
d. have alexithymia.
e. have low self-esteem.
12.
Jochen’s
therapist has been quite directive in his approach over the last couple of
years of their therapy. One of the
overarching goals of his therapy is to get at who he really is and possibly
reshape how he sees himself. What type
of therapist is Jochen seeing?
a.
Cognitive
b.
Behavioral
c.
Psychoanalyst
d.
Expensive
e.
Humanistic
13.
Which of the
following is the best example of cognitive dissonance:
a.
You are driving
in a car and the radio station you are listening to plays your favorite song
b.
Sneezing
c.
Voluntarily giving money to someone you don’t like or trust
d.
Making a good
grade on an exam that you studied really hard for
e.
A policeman stops
you in the middle of the night and has you touch your nose with your eyes
closed
14.
How does the psychoanalysis
approach to therapy compare to the humanistic approach?
a.
The humanistic
therapist believes that people are good and worthwhile while the psychoanalytic
therapist believes that people were born good but are now bad.
b.
The
psychoanalytic therapist mainly listens and has the client talk while the
humanistic therapist mainly asks a lot of questions to direct the client.
c.
The humanistic
approach was one of the first approaches to psychotherapy while the
psychoanalytic approach was not introduced until 30 years later.
d.
Both are insight
methods because they are interested in getting at the underlying causes of
problems.
e.
Both approaches
believe that the therapist is the expert, and the therapist directs the therapy
sessions.
15. Studies of people with impairments to the amygdala
show that they do not
a. amygdalate, or move, well in response to bright
lights.
b. process sensory information relating to happiness.
c. control their anger very well.
d. process sensory information relating to fear.
e. possess knowledge of the consequences of emotion.
16. Which of the following has been found to be most
effective in treating depression?
a. cognitive therapy combined with antidepressant
medication
b. antidepressant medication combined with behavioral
therapy
c. cognitive therapy combined with relaxation therapy
d. behavioral therapy combined with client-centered
therapy
e. placebo therapy; in fact, all treatments are equally
effective
17.
You have been
asked to organize a halloween party for the local grade school. Part of this is to set up a series of booths
for little kids to participate in – things like a cake walk, bean bag toss,
bobbing for apples, etc. Based on last
year’s party, you know that the snow cone booth and the beanbag toss will be
most popular and that the can-holding contest will be least popular. How should you arrange the booths and
why?
a.
L (snow cones), M
(beanbag toss), and N (can-holding) – people can do what they want as soon as
they enter and, if they way, can leave immediately afterwards.
b.
Put everything at
N – it leaves more room for big groups to gather in the middle of the
room.
c.
P (can-holding), S
(snow cones), and M (beanbag toss) – people will spread out as they go to each
of the popular locations; also, it’s a
good idea to have one popular booth right next to the exit to catch people’s
attention when they come in.
d.
P (snow cones), M
(beanbag toss), and S (can-holding) – people will be close to the exit and
bathroom for the popular things and will be able to spend more time on the
other side of the room if they want for the can holding.
e.
N (can-holding),
S (snow cones), K (beanbag toss) – it’s important to have the most popular
items separated from one another and away from other powerful attractors
(entrance and bathroom).
18.
Nairan is in a
dog training class and has been instructed to correct her dog by giving a
sudden and sharp pull on the dog’s leash every time the dog does something
wrong. This goes against Nairan’s ideas
about how to treat an animal humanely, yet she does it and she laughs as she
does. What is the most likely
explanation for her laughter?
a.
Laughter offers a
solution to Nairan’s internal conflict and indecision.
b.
Laughter relieves
Nairan’s tension associated with conflict about whether to obey her instructor
by hurting her dog.
c.
Nairan is trying
to think of other things while correcting the dog, but whenever she does she
thinks of a big white bear.
d.
Laughter relieves
Nairan’s tension, which she is experiencing because she feels out of place in
class.
e.
Laughter is like
triphening and makes Nairan feel happier.
19. What theory says that goal blocking and its subsequent
emotions are the cause of aggression?
a. cognitive-neoassociationistic model
b. Schachter’s cognitive labeling theory of emotion
c. frustration-aggression hypothesis
d. culture of honor hypothesis
e. serotonin-level model
20. A therapist using a behavioral approach to treat
phobias would
a. expose the patient to anxiety-producing stimuli.
b. analyze the patient's interpersonal relationships.
c. analyze the patient’s behavioral history in order to
learn about behaviors that originally caused the phobias.
d. focus on the patient's unconscious thoughts.
e. model appropriate behavior for the patient.
21. Are facial expressions of emotion universal?
a. Generally yes.
Studies show robust cross-cultural support, suggesting that there is a
biological basis of facial expressions.
b. Studies show that happiness is the only expression
that is consistently identified across cultures.
c. Generally no.
Studies show that identification of facial expressions is mostly
determined by culture.
d.
Yes with one
exception: anger. The expression of
anger varies a great deal across cultures whereas all other emotions are
relatively similar.
e.
It depends on how
well socialized the people are. Those
who grow up in remote rural areas tend to exhibit a mix of emotional
expressions not understandable to others. Those in towns and cities share the
same emotional display rules as others around the world.
22.
How does social
physics explain the results of the Milgram experiments on electric shocks?
a.
Neurons fire
because they release a small electrical charge within the synapses. As the number of cells fire together, the
greater the electrical field in that part of the brain. In the Milgram study, the more distressed the
learner, the more neurons were active in the brain of the teacher.
b.
The higher the
voltage of the shocks, the more that the “teachers” laughed.
c.
As in social
gravity, the greater the “mass” of the teacher, the greater the effect on the
experimenter. In other words, teachers
with greater authority, age, or social dominance were more likely to stop the
experiment when they wanted to. Those
low in social status could not.
d.
The “teacher” was
between two fields of force, or attractors: the attraction of the “learner” and
the attraction of the “experimenter.”
The closer the teacher was to each attractor, the more the teacher was
influenced by that attractor.
e.
Force is equal to
mass times acceleration (f=ma).
23.
How is attention
important in the stress cycle?
a.
An individual who
notices his or her behavior in response to potential stressors is more likely
to experience stress.
b.
An individual has
to label something as a stressor in order for it to be a part of the stress
cycle.
c.
An individual has
to notice a stressor (though not necessarily consciously) in order to react to
it.
d.
When others pay a
lot of attention to a person, the person is more likely to become stressed,
especially if he or she is shy.
e.
The more
attention a person pays to something, the more likely they are to become
stressed over it.
24.
In the treatment
for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), which of the following is effective?
a.
psychoanalytic
therapy
b.
requiring the
client to take pro-anxiety drugs and then introducing the person to situations
that cause anxiety such as snakes, loud noises, or barking dogs.
c.
putting the
client in the presence of the anxiety-producing stimulus and not allowing him
or her to engage in the compulsion
d.
anti-anxiety
drugs
e.
putting the
client in the presence of the anxiety-producing stimulus and allowing him or
her to engage in the compulsion
25.
When an individual
from an Asian culture, which might be described as “collectivist,” looks at a
picture of a truck, a bicycle, and gasoline, he indicates that the truck is
more related to the gasoline than to the bicycle. The typical American
would say the truck is more like the bicycle.
How might Nisbett explain this difference?
a.
The Asian person
is thinking in terms of processes and context, whereas the American is thinking
in terms of categories.
b.
The two people
have differences in communication style due to their cultural upbringing.
The Asian is attempting to give the answer the experimenter wants because the
experimenter is nearby and thus a strong social force, but the American is very
individualistic and is uninfluenced by the experimenter.
c.
The Asian person
is thinking in terms of efficiency and speed, whereas the American is thinking
in terms of likeness and function.
d.
The two people
have differences in thinking style. The American looks at the figure, not
the background, while the Asian focuses on the background.
e.
The Asian person
is thinking in terms of categories, whereas the American is thinking in terms
of processes and context.
26.
Jin is undergoing
therapy for her fear of rabbits. She is
always afraid that they will jump up and bite her face. Which type of therapy would be best to help
Jin with her fear and irrational thoughts?
a.
Psychoanalysis
b.
Triphening
c.
Cognitive-behavioral
therapy
d.
Humanistic
therapy
e.
Electroconvulsive
shock therapy
27. What is the evolutionarily based argument for why
humans have a symbolic self?
a. It made humans stronger.
b. It made humans happier.
c. It made human cognitive functioning more efficient.
d. It made humans more mindful of family connections.
e. It allowed humans to fix their mistakes.
28. If there are distinct neurotransmitters associated
with positive versus negative affect, this supports the
a. Schachter two-factor cognitive labeling theory.
b. view concerning positive and negative activation
model.
c. dopamine-immune bioregulatory integral family systems
social synaptic model.
d. affect-as-information theory.
e.
James-Lange
facial feedback model.
29.
Social loafing
while working on a class project could be considered a very similar phenomenon
to:
a.
diffusion of responsibility.
b.
the extinction
effect in operant conditioning.
c.
social
comparison.
d.
mere exposure.
e.
social
facilitation.
30.
The need to
belong theory states that
a.
humans are better
able to solve cognitive problems if they are with others.
b.
humans need to be
with others all of the time.
c.
evolution favored
humans who were unfit to live alone.
d.
human attachment
theory is the basis of all adult relationships.
e.
evolution has
favored humans who were able to live with others.
31.
If we stand back
and look at all the methods of psychotherapy, two general approaches have been
consistently found to positively influence people’s psychological and physical
health. These two approaches include
techniques that rely on:
a.
Humanism;
achievement
b.
Behavioral
change; emotional change
c.
Classical
conditioning; cognitive behavioral therapy
d.
Achievement;
emotional change
e.
Relaxation;
cognitive restructuring
32.
The
affect-as-information theory proposes that
a. current emotional states guide judgments.
b.
if we know what
causes what, that is good information to have
c.
only positive
emotional states guide judgments.
d. emotional states must be tied to their source to
influence judgments.
e. past emotional reactions guide judgments.
33. For most people, it is uncomfortable having their new
girlfriend or boyfriend in the same room with their parents. According to
research on the self, this might even be true for you. Why?
a. Your sense of self is different with each of them.
b. Your parents will be upset if you show off in front of
your friend.
c. Your true self is not what you show around your
parents.
d. Your girl/boyfriend will realize what an embarrassing
family you come from.
e. Your parents and their girl/boyfriend are all
evaluating you.
34.
Diffusion of
responsibility could be considered
a.
A special form of
obedience to an authority
b.
A social physics
phenomenon whereby the greater the group size, the less personal responsibility
anyone in the group feels
c.
A stage model
whereby people go from feeling personal responsible to not feeling responsible. As a stage model, once people go from one
psychological state to the next, they do not return to the original state
d.
A special case of
social facilitation: as people diffuse
responsibility they tend to experience the facilitation of their social
dynamics
e.
A personality
trait where some people are more responsible than others
35.
Traumatic
experiences can have negative effects on health. These negative effects are usually most
severe when the trauma was:
a.
Experienced by
the whole community
b.
Caused by a
relative
c.
Experienced as a
young child
d.
Written about in
a journal
e.
Kept a secret
36. You look around and notice how many different types of
people are in our psychology class, whereas students in another class next door
all look alike. What do your thoughts represent?