Answers at bottom of test

Exam 3 –November 8, 2004

1. Joleen’s friends describe her as being emotionally reserved most of the time but also able to become extremely angry every once and awhile. When she is angry at one of her friends, she usually does not confront them with her problem and instead behaves in a cold and distant manner. Sometimes, however, she will blow up in anger at them a week or two later. Which of the following would most likely be Freud’s evaluation of Joleen?

a. Freud would claim that she is engaging in sublimation behaviors to protect herself.

2. He would categorize her as anal expulsive and claim that it is due to unresolved issues she had during her anal stage of life.
3. Freud would call her phallic defensive because of the conflicts she had with her parents between the ages of 3 and 5 (possibly even sexual abuse).
4. He would say that she is obsessed with oral sensations, like talking, because she developed normally through the oral stage of life.
5. Freud would claim that she is in love with her father.

2. What aspect of personality has been found to be a reliable predictor of marital dissatisfaction, poor reports of health, and depression?

a. introversion

b. low openness

c. extraversion

d. low agreeableness

e. neuroticism

3. Lexi and Petri are identical twins who were separated at birth and grew up with very different families. Lexi is a skilled student who has three close friends and a loving boyfriend. Her adoptive family had difficulties accepting her when she was an infant and never really appreciated her until she reached puberty. Petri is also a good student and is very well liked in her sorority. Her adoptive family adored Petri until the family dissolved in a messy divorce when Petri was 16. Based on the core model of personality, who probably has higher self esteem, Lexi or Petri?

1. Lexi, because having a significant other (her boyfriend) is the most important thing for self esteem.
2. Lexi, because she now experiences unconditional love from her adoptive parents in a way that she didn’t have when she was younger.
3. Petri, because she received more unconditional love when she was a young child which cemented her having a larger inner core.
4. Petri, because she is surrounded by a tight group of friends who can provide more outer core growth.
5. They probably have the same amount of self esteem because they both have a lot of friends and early childhood experiences have no impact after puberty.

4. Strong situations

a. allow people's personalities to affect their behavior.

b. tend to make people stronger.

c. allow people to report on their personality.

d. mask personality differences.

e. tend to make people weaker.

5. Dr. Phil wants to create a new way to measure emotion regulation. In coming up with his questionnaire, what is MOST important in assuring that the questionnaire is good:

1. All questions must correlate to some degree with all other questions on the questionnaire.
2. The number of questions must exceed the Bayes Theorem (which takes into account the number of questions, the number of people, and base rates).
3. Questions should be drawn from other questionnaires that have been used in the past.
4. Questions should be sensitive to changes in people’s emotion regulation strategies; how a person regulates emotions today should be poorly correlated with how they regulate their emotions in the future.
5. Because self-reports are distorted, the questions must be indirect and attempt to tap unconscious processes (that is, what people are “really” thinking and doing).

6. According to the concept of __________, mental representations occur as a result of the relative pattern of activation across a network of neurons.

a. massed representation

b. distributed representation

c. visuospatial representation

d. proportional representation

e. blocked representation

7. Which of the following is an example of projection?

1. Leon suppressing his excitement after receiving an A on his test because he does not want to hurt his friend’s feelings who didn’t do as well.
2. John hanging up on his mother and then accusing his roommate of being rude.
3. Jezebel having a fight with her brother and then working out at the gym longer than usual.
4. Jerry becoming good friends with the bully down the street even though the bully had always been very mean to him.
5. Throwing spaghetti at your little brother.

8. People are most vulnerable to major psychological change when

1. They are persuaded with logical reasoning.
2. They are engaging in emotional suppression.
3. They are placed in a new situation with no supporting social network.
4. They have low intelligence.
5. They are exposed to attitude inoculation.

9. Candidate X argues that government’s role is to help the poor, to protect the consumer against greedy corporations, and to stop the influence of sexual and offensive media. Candidate Y thinks the problem is too much government. Poverty, pornography, and greed are the result of government interference. The more powerful and restrictive government is, the more people will be driven to oppress the poor, seek money for themselves, and to watch outlawed sexual and offensive material. How would you evaluate X and Y?

1. Candidate X believes people are naturally good (like Freud); Candidate Y thinks that humans are naturally bad (like Karl Marx)
2. Candidate X assumes that people are neither good nor bad (like behaviorists, such as Skinner); Candidate Y assumes that people are ultimately good (like Abraham Maslow or Carl Rogers)
3. Candidate X believes people are naturally bad (like Karl Marx); Candidate Y thinks that people are naturally good (like behaviorists such as Pavlov)
4. Candidate X thinks people are naturally bad (like Freud); Candidate Y assumes that people are naturally good (like Karl Marx).
5. Candidate X is a tax-and-spend democratic flip-flopper (except the part about sex); Candidate Y is a sanctimonious fat-cat greedy republican (except the part about sex).

10. Which type of self-construal is correctly matched with its defining impulse?

a. codependent; neediness

b. independent; collectivism

c. interdependent; self-reliance

d. independent; personal success

e. interdependent; individualism

11. Jill has been feeling sad all day. According to James and the facial feedback hypothesis, what should Jill do to improve her emotional state and feel happier?

a. She should reappraise the situation that is making her sad so that she thinks about it in a different way.

2. She should repress the event causing her sadness so that it would not be in her consciousness and she won’t have to think about it anymore.
3. Her Ego should give her Id more power than it is giving her Superego.
4. She should force her mouth to smile, her brow to raise, and her body to sit up straight so that her body can trick her mind into thinking it is happy.
5. She should deindividuate and lose her sense of self so that she is no longer responsible for her emotions.

12. What would a person use to test how much regret he or she may feel as a result of choosing one outcome over another?

a. The Binet intelligence test

b. hindsight bias

c. heuristics

d. insight

e. counterfactual reasoning

13. Which of the following was the result found by Milgram in his obedience studies?

1. Men are much more likely to shock others than are women.
2. People who grew up in rural areas (and who own guns) are more likely to give maximum shocks than people who grew up in cities.
3. Humans are naturally aggressive and the only way to reduce their tendencies to give large shocks is to have a strong experimenter.
4. The closer someone is to the person they are supposed to be shocking, the less likely they are to give that person much shock.
5. People in the 1960s (when the study was conducted) were much more likely to give all 450 volts of shock than are people in the year 2004.

14. The elaboration likelihood model suggests that people are persuaded in an argument by:

a. likely arguments that are built on by additional arguments

b. conflicting points of view

c. that raises peripheral arguments and this is fundamentally illogical

d. logical arguments rather than emotional appeals

e. central arguments that are based on reason and peripheral appeals that

are more emotional

15. According to research on conformity, which of the following is most likely to reduce the level of conformity to the group?

a. The presence of people who express disagreement with the group

b. The presence of people who are from more individualistic cultures than collectivistic cultures

c. The presence of people who are more logical than emotional in decision making

d. The absence of people who score high on agreeableness on Big Five

e. The absence of people who are confused about their identity

16. Jennifer thinks that social interactions are very important but she wants to spend almost all of her time by herself. This is an example of which of the following ideas?

1. Social gravity towards an individual increases as the attraction of that individual increases.
2. Social relationships follow balance theory.
3. The effort justification phenomenon is common in women.
4. Extraverts often behave like introverts.
5. The correlation between attitudes and behaviors is generally weak.

17. Freud’s psychodynamic term for the energy that drives humans to seek pleasure and avoid pain is

a. the libido.

b. the pleasure principle.

c. defense mechanisms.

d. topography.

e. the ego.

18. Which of the following ideas is FALSE:

a. Social facilitation occurs when people perform better in front of others – especially

for well-learned tasks

b. people tend to be attracted to others who are most similar to them

c. serotonin is important in the control of aggression

d. social loafing can be viewed as a form of diffusion of responsibility

e. group polarization is most likely to occur when group members initially

mistrust one another

19. For the past 10 years, Sarah has been in an unhappy marriage with her husband, who is an alcoholic. Despite advice from her friends and family, she still does not want to leave her husband. According to cognitive dissonance theory, which of the following statements would BEST explain her behavior?

a. Sarah still feels deeply in love with him given what she has already gone

through in her marriage.

b. Sarah is on a rescue mission of her husband to make herself better.

c. Sarah is afraid of being alone and has insecurely attached issues from childhood.

d. Sarah finds it rewarding when her husband does not drink and does nice things for

her.

e. Sarah has a low self-esteem and does not think anybody would want her except her

husband.

20. The Binet scale of intelligence emphasizes the difference between

a. verbal and mathematical abilities.

b. a person's best and worst scores from several intelligence assessments.

c. chronological and mental age.

d. longterm memory and short term memory.

e. cognitive intelligence and emotional intelligence.

21. Which of the following statements is NOT true of personality based on twin studies?

a. Personality traits such as extraversion, neuroticism, and conscientiousness are heritable.

b. Specific genes for certain traits can be traced by genetic technology.

c. Twins raised apart are often as similar as, or more similar than twins raised together.

d. Specific behaviors such as preference for certain music and feelings about capital punishment have genetic components.

e. In general, parenting style plays less a role in shaping personality than does

genetics.

22. The cognitive framing of an emotional event has been shown to

a. work like a picture frame – making colors and textures more striking.

b. affect basic perceptual processes, such as color and sound perception.

c. affect which emotion is felt.

d. have little impact on what emotion you feel.

e. have little impact on emotional intensity.

23. Talia met a man on a turbulent airplane ride and afterwards reported that the man was very cute and they are going out on a date later. What is a possible interpretation for her excitement about this man?

a. facial feedback hypothesis

b cognitive framing

c. the guy was releasing sex hormones because of the bumpiness of the flight

d. excitation transfer

e. counterfactual thinking

24. One day you ask your coworker for a dollar so that you can get a soft drink from the vending machine. You say, "I promise to pay you back!" She replies, "Don't worry about it; what are friends for?" You are exemplifying ______________ while your coworker is exemplifying ______________.

a. a promissory relationship; an honest relationship

b. a cheating relationship; an honest relationship

c. an honest relationship; a false relationship

d. an exchange relationship; a communal relationship

e. a reciprocal relationship; an exchange relationship

25. A culture of honor is a system of belief that

a. primes men to become aggressive when their reputation is at stake.

b. stigmatizes deceit.

c. rewards people to tell the truth.

d. primes men to become aggressive when frustrated.

e. primes men to exhibit prosocial behavior.

26. Which of the following example is NOT paired correctly with underlying defense mechanism?

a. Eric in his late twenties who is still living at home with his parents is asked if he ever felt confined by his living arrangement. He replies, "Not at all. I love my father and smother.": slips of the tongue

b. At the same time televangelist Jimmy was preaching the evils of sex to millions, he was regularly seeing a prostitute.: Identification

c. Todd who turns his feelings of competition with his father or brother into a desire to excel in competitive sports or succeed in business when he is older: Sublimation

d. John, who is not that popular in school, has a crush on Amy, who is a “queen bee”, but decides not to ask her for a date thinking she might be a fake: Rationalization

e. Abdul was sexually abused by his uncle between the ages of 10 and 12 and now has absolutely no knowledge of anything that happened during that time of his life: Repression

27. Which of the following people would probably be the best salesperson?

1. Someone who is attractive, trustworthy and likeable.
2. Someone who is attractive and has a message of extreme fear.
3. Someone who is unattractive and has a rational sales pitch.
4. Someone who is talkative and pushy.
5. Someone who is unattractive, trustworthy and likeable.

28. Your working self-concept is the sense of yourself in many situations, and it tends to

a. vary with different settings.

b. stay consistent throughout settings.

c. activate the hypothalamus.

d. activate the frontal lobes.

e. depend entirely on dopamine levels in the temporal orbital lobes of the

hippocampal gyrus

29. What would Freud say about the state of deindividuation?

a. In the deindividuated state, the person’s superego is temporarily stripped

away, allowing the Id to guide the person’s behaviors and feelings.

b. In the state of deindividuation, people adopt a variety of defense mechanisms –

especially obsessions and compulsions.

c. While in a state of deindividuation, people’s identity is taken away from them.

With no identity, they become helpless and hopeless – which explains depression.

d. Ultimately, psychoanalysis was created to deal with deindividuation. With

intensive, directive therapy, the patient and therapist reconstruct childhood

experiences in order to reindividuate the person.

e. Deindividuation is a state of mind that can only be reached through drugs such as

cocaine or, with great practice, meditation.

30. The orbitofrontal cortex is central to

a. the processing of other people’s emotional cues (such as facial expressions).

b. misattribution of arousal.

c. parasympathetic nervous system functioning

d. the Cannon-Bard theory.

e. cerebral asymmetry.

31. What is the significance of the Zimbardo Prison Studies?

a. Violent and aggressive behavior has a tendency to surface in stifling environments.

b. Prisoners who commit rapes and sex crimes were mostly likely sexually abused as children.

c. People's behavior, emotions, attitudes, and identities can be heavily influenced by roles.

d. People's role models and mental models can conflict to the point of breakdown.

e. People will obey, without limitations of conscience, when they believe an order

comes from a legitimate authority.

32. Which of the following statements is FALSE:

a. intelligence has a high heritability

b. intelligence has a modular structure

c. Bayes theorem is a formula that helps to predict events by taking into account

changing base rates

d. expected utility theory assumes that most decisions are based on people’s

emotions

e. neural network models attempt to map how brain cells work together to represent

ideas and images

33. Jose spends a lot of time playing tennis and he considers himself to be a pretty good player. In order to maintain his high self esteem about his tennis game, who might Jose want to compare his tennis abilities to?

1. Players who have been playing for less time and are less skilled.
2. Professional players who win international tournaments.
3. His little sister who does not like sports at all.
4. His girlfriend who is a player who frequently wins local tennis tournaments.
5. One of his friends who has been playing just as long as is just as good.

34. Which of the following individuals would be most aware of the solution space for any given problem?

1. A person with good crystallized intelligence
2. A person with good fluid intelligence.
3. A person who has good spatial abilities and poor verbal abilities.
4. A person who is an extravert.
5. A person who has alexithymia.

35. Mario really wanted Kerry to win the presidential elections last week. What advice would you give Mario on how to regulate his emotions to help him try to decrease his depressed feelings?

1. “Really try to think about, and ruminate on, your feelings so you don’t ever forget how badly you feel.”
2. “Try to reappraise the situation to look on the bright side and do constructive things that will take your mind of the problem.”
3. “Do not show your feelings to others. Suppress them so no one knows how you are feeling.”
4. “Just get over it, dude.”
5. “Realize that you have no control over your emotions, it is all your Id’s fault.”

36. Which of the following would NOT be an example of social physics:

a. Diffusion of responsibility

b. Social loafing

c. Milgram’s explanation about fields of force and obedience

d. Morphing of faces: the more faces, the more attractive the image

e. The relationship between where people sit in a classroom and the course evaluation of the class

37. Mina received an email from Tasha, who was thinking about coming to UT and wanted to know about Mina’s experiences at the university. Mina noticed that the email was also sent to several other UT students. In all likelihood, Mina will:

a. not reply because of diffusion of responsibility

b. not reply because of conformity

c. will reply because of empathic distress

d. will reply because of ethical hedonism

e. impossible to make a prediction since psychological theories are mere social constructions

38. _________ is to the theory that physiological arousal causes an emotion as _______ is to the theory that physiological arousal causes the intensity, or strength, of an emotion.

1. James, Schachter
2. James, Cannon
3. Schachter, James
4. Cannon, Freud
5. Freud, James

39. Ted was at a bar in downtown Boston with his friends when the Red Sox won the World Series. In their excitement, Ted and his friends joined others out in the street and started throwing bricks into store windows. According to research on deindividuation and self-consciousness, which store would Ted and his buddies be least likely to vandalize?

a. The store that sells baseball equipment

b. The store that sells costumes for different occasions

c. The store that sells mirrors

d. The store sells souvenirs for NY Yankees

e. The store sells toys

40. Imagine that a small town is asked to plant flowers in their yards as part of a town beautification program. A month later, residents are asked to plant a single tree in their yards as part of the same program. According to research on persuasion, we can predict:

a. residents who planted a flower will be less likely to plant a tree since they will feel as though they have already done something for the city

b. residents who planted a flower will be more likely to also plant a tree because of the foot in the door phenomenon

c. planting a flower should be completely unrelated to whether people actually plant a tree because behaviors are not reliable over time

d. residents who planted a flower will be less likely to plant a tree because of expected utility theory: a flower brings relatively bigger short term happiness at lower effort than planting a tree

e. residents who planted a flower will be more likely to also plant a tree because of reinforcement theory

1. b

2. e

3. c

4. d

5. a

6. b

7. b

8. c

9. d

10. d

11. d

12. e

13. d

14. e

15. a

16. e

17. a

18. e

19. a

20. c

21. b

22. c

23. d

24. d

25. a

26. b

27. a

28. a

29. a

30. a

31. c

32. d

33. a

34. b

35. b

36. d

37. a

38. a

39. c

40. b